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Answer: I'd like to know the source of the answer below - it totally ignores the established fact that "Lucifer" or "Satan" as we now think of "him" is a Judaeo-Christian concept grafted onto Judaism during the Babylonian exile. Most religions would respond "Lucifer who??? Never heard of him". If you don't believe me, Google the etymology of the word "Lucifer" and check out the history. Here's a good starting place and a thought provoking quote: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lucifer.aspx The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Lucifer [Lat.,=light-bearing], in Christian tradition a name for Satan . In the Vulgate, Lucifer served as a translation of the Hebrew epithet meaning "Day Star," a name associated with the presumptuous King of Babylon in the Book of Isaiah. Some early Christian writers found a parallel in the Gospel of St. Luke, where Jesus refers to Satan falling like lightning from heaven. On this basis they identified Isaiah's "Day Star" with Satan and concluded that there was scriptural authority for designating him "light-bearer." In antiquity Lucifer was also the name given Venus as the... World EncyclopediaLucifer Name given in ancient Roman times to the planet Venus as seen at dawn. In classical mythology, Lucifer's Greek counterpart was Phosphorus, and both were personified as male torch-bearers. In Christian mythology, Lucifer was an epithet of Satan . Lucifer of Cagliari The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ... legate of Pope Liberius he went to the council at Milan (355) that Constantius disbanded by exiling the Catholic delegates. Lucifer was bitter against those who seemed to submit to Arianism, and on his return to Sardinia (362) he formed a sect of his own .. Answer: Luciferianism is a system of belief that venerates Lucifer. There are four branches from this core: !. Religious/Traditional Luciferianism

2. Spiritual/Gnostic Luciferianism

3. Philosophic Luciferianism

4. Modern Luciferianism

The roots of this faith comes from many different sources: the religious beliefs and practices of the ancient cultures of Egypt, Rome and Greece; Gnosticism; and modern Western occultism and Hermeticism.

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What is Sade Adu's religious belief?

Freemasonry/Luciferianism


What relogion worship the devil?

Satanism, Luciferianism, etc.


Who are lucifer's followers?

Hmm... Illuminati for example... some other small Luciferianism people... Yet, Satan's followers are a TOTALLY different case, because of Lucifer and Satan having different characters and ways.


What are some witch traditions?

There are several different types of witchcraft religions. Not just Wicca. Voudou is a witchcraft religion. Candomble is a witchcraft religion. Santeria is a witchcraft religion. Also, Satanism & Luciferianism are witchcraft religions, even though many Wiccans deny that they are.


What is Dani filth religion?

Dani Filth, the lead vocalist of the British extreme metal band Cradle of Filth, is known to follow Luciferianism, which is a left-hand path belief system that focuses on individualism, personal enlightenment, and worship of Lucifer as a symbol of independence and enlightenment.


Is Luciferiarism a fundamentalist group?

There are some gnostics who believe in Lucifer because he once was one of God's favourite angels. His name means 'light bearer'. Following the war in Heaven where Lucifer rebelled against God and was consequently thrown out of Heaven by Michael the Archangel and his army of 'good angels', he and his rebellious cohorts descended beneath the earth with Lucifer saying (and I paraphrase from Milton's 'Paradise Lost.) 'It is better to rule in hell than serve in Heaven'. Some Luciferianists have also attached their alliegiance to Satan who is agreed by Christianity in general to be the 'ultimate evil'. I'm not sure that one could refer to them as fundamentalist, but more likely as bizarre, deluded or desperate because Christianity with all their rules concerning what one can and can't do pales into insignificance when compared to Luciferianism which allows them greater licence to do the 'naughty" things condemned by God.


Why did Satanism Begin?

satanism was founded when god arose and humans were created Nice way to say "I dont know but ill still stick my word in". It was possibly founded even before actual satanism was thought of.


Why are people satanists?

Answer from a SatanistFor the most part, we feel that it was the name that was put on us.For example, we believe in breaking all of "the 7 deadly sins" as it leads to physical, mental and emotional gratification. In previous years, the Church would have had us tortured and killed for being Devil worshippers because of the philosophies we believe in and live by.Also, it's no secret that some Satanist perform Black masses, which again in previous years would have earned us the title (as well as an early death) of a devil worshipper, disciple of evil or a Satanist. Now that times have changed, and the Church can no longer kill us or torture us we kept up the title.Lastly, LaVey went into some detail (which I'm not going to get into here) about how 'Satan' means the adversary. Since we oppose a lot of the Christian dogma it was a suitable title.Satanism is, in a sense, a genre of different religions put together. Some people consider Pagans, Occultists, Wiccans, Luciferians, and Atheists to be under this category.Answer from a LuciferianSatanism is a very broad description. Satanism includes Luciferianism, LaVeyanism, Occultism, and several others. Satanists were considered satanists because we are considered adversaries of the Christian church.Many LaVeyans are atheists, while all Luciferians believe in God and Lucifer (Satan). Luciferians worship Lucifer as a good deity. This is where the name came in, since Lucifer (after his fall from heaven) became Satan.Answer from a Theistic SatanistOur beliefs vary but we all agree that Satan is the deity we worship what differs is our belief about that deity. whichever way Satan is what we call who we worship and the reasons vary as one must get to know Satan personally.Answer from an outsiderThe name Satan simply means adversary. LaVeyan Satanists are mostly atheists and thus consider themselves adversaries to organized religion. Theistic Satanists call themselves Satanists since they worship the deity who was maligned with the name Satan and who, by nature, opposes the god of the Bible.


What are some form of modern witchcraft today?

Witchcraft or the Craft is one of many forms of Paganism. Paganism is an umbrella term encompassing but not exclusive to: Asatru/Norse; Blended as in (Christo-pagan, Judeo-pagan, etc); Celtic (Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Faerie, Druidism); Ceremonial Magic (Golden Dawn, Rosicrucian); Eclectic; Egyptian; Esoteric; Italian/Strega; Shamanism (North American, South American, European, Asian); Voudoun/Santeria; Wicca (Gardnerian, Dianic, Alexandrian, Solitary, Family Tradition)


What happens when politicians openly worship Lucifer at the Bohemian Grove?

If your question is, "what happens to them?" then the obvious answer is, "absolutely nothing." They keep their pension plans and health plans that none of us "common folk" could even dream of. They keep their chauffeured limousines and tax-payer funded private jet flights to the Bahamas. They have their coke parties with child prostitutes, and in all probability engage in organized Satanic sacrifices to their god, Lucifer, and his many demons, or are at least loosely affiliated with those who do.Anyone unfamiliar with what I'm talking about, look into the Franklin coverup, as it has come to be known, and/or watch "Conspiracy of Silence" available on video.google.com for free. Then google "the finders cia drugs kidnapping" and do some boring, old-fashioned reading. It's amazing what you can learn when you read.While you're on google video, watch "Dark Secrets: Inside Bohemian Grove", which is what the poster is referring to with this question. The deity they offer a burnt sacrifice to in the video is not technically Lucifer, but is commonly given the name "Moloch", an ancient Babylonian god to whom live children were sacrificed, most usually by throwing them into the hollowed out bronze (or stone) statue of this god, which was an inferno. He was commonly represented as an owl, although within occultism, every symbol and every deity is represented in many different ways. This variation is not, as occultists believe, due to the shifting nature of these entities, but rather due to the fact that occultism is a random hodge-podge of junkies and mental cases writing things in their Book of Shadow, or "divining" hidden occult history, then sharing it with the community of witches, satanists and Luciferians. A case-in-point example of this would be Aleister Crowley, who basically just made up dozens of symbols and names out of nowhere.Both videos are posted, and available for copy and distribution, with consent of owner.In the video they refer to it only as the "owl of Bohemia." An internet site I visited refers to Bohemia with these words:"The land of Bohemia (modern Slovakia and the Czech Republic) is the rising star of Eastern Europe in the early 13th Century. Vast mineral deposits of gold and silver have enriched its landed magnates and created powerful noble families, particularly the Premyslid family of the Cechové tribe."http://www.unc.edu/~murphy/rabenstein/bohemia.htmlFor anyone researched in the occult, the term "rising star" is significant, and has been associated with the "dog star" Sirius, which is commonly associated with two "deities," those being Set (Egyptian god of the night) and Lucifer (light bearer). So, in a round-about way, it could be said these lunatics are worshiping Lucifer, whether they know it or not. But, as "rising star" is a common term, it was probably just used by the author colloquially. There are various analyses available on why the word "Bohemian" was used, but none are definitive.Further, even a cursory review of information available on demonology will reveal that there are many many demons, each with their own beneficial attributes, who have different knowledge of different subjects, and require different sacrifices and rituals of binding. Therefore, using the term "Lucifer" to describe whatever entity they are worshiping and sacrificing to is likely inaccurate, as it could be any number of different "gods."If your question is "what happens to them spiritually?" the answer could be that they hone their own primal desires for murder, sadism and power over other people. It could be said that it fulfills, or feeds, a desire of theirs to revel over the torture and murder of other human beings, and instills in their own weak hearts and minds a feeling of dominance and superiority, a feature which is commonly associated with sociopaths and serial killers. It could also be said that, while they hate each other due to their own feelings of greed and insecurity, they hate themselves more, and take a sick pleasure out of the tortured scream heard in the video. It could further be said that, while they will either outright deny this filmed ritual, or will just brush it aside as a pageant, in reality it is their religion, and Bohemian Grove is the place they come, once a year, to practice their religion, sheltered from prying eyes and ears. Secrecy, of course, is a common staple of occult religions.The motto of the grove is: "Weaving spiders, come not here."From my own experience in witchcraft and the occult, I can tell you that the wording belies the occult foundation of the Grove. A common greeting and farewell within witchcraft is, "Blessed be." Any spell or incantation invoked must be followed by a protection clause, which shields the caster from the negative effects guaranteed by the "rule of threes" when projecting negative intention. The clause which I was taught was to thrice repeat, "By the power of three by three, this is my will, so mote it be." then to thrice repeat, "After this spell be well-focused thence, never shall it return to me hence." By the rule of threes, and the guidelines of sorcery and magic, I may as well have said three times, "By my will, do what I say." then said three times, "And don't come back, y'hear?!"Witches' invocations and incantations are almost always written thusly. There's something about olde English that occultists find alluring. They will say it's to entice the spirits by flattery. I think it's just them trying to sound cool and important; same reason they sport satanic tattoos and nose rings. In reality, the "spirits" are ecstatic to do the bidding of anyone who will give them attention, because it further separates that person from knowledge of God, and because they're actually really bored and hyperactive.Which brings us back to your question. What happens to these politicians, industrialists, bankers, royalty and businessmen when they knowingly pledge sacrifice to an ancient and potentially still powerful entity is that they accept demonic influence into their minds, hearts and souls. They are essentially offering a burnt sacrifice to a demon, and asking that demon for its council, asking it to protect the Grove from "weaving spiders", and presumably asking it for success in their personal lives, typically financial success, which is what satanism and Luciferianism is really all about at the end of the day.The people watching the fake sacrifice are like the "initiates" of a coven. They are by-and-large ignored by whatever spiritual force is acting on the priest's behalf, unless they are themselves devoted and proven followers of the priest, in which case the "blessing" is bestowed upon them as well. So yea, what happens to them, assuming they know this entity by name and have the authority to call it up, is that they willingly don the blessings and curses associated with demonic entities. These typically are "luck" in business deals and dealings, a luxurious standard of living, financial wealth, "protection" of their families, and an unwavering dedication to the fulfillment of Satan's will on earth, which the filmmaker responsible for this video, Alex Jones, is very well aware of, although (perhaps to his credit) doesn't put it in those terms. Of course, for those who don't relinquish this connection and repent, it also includes eternity with their master, who, contrary to their beliefs, will not look favorably upon them. Satan despises humanity, as he despises anything created by God, and only takes pleasure in warping and destroying God's creations, before they enter Hell, at which time his fun really begins.Most world leaders are part of the Bohemian club where they plan out "world events." This is your supposed illuminati. Ilumminati only means enlightened or to know the truth of the world. This phrase applies to Ilumminati Freemasons of High degree. They are Antichrists as well as the Catholic church. Antichrist not nly means against Christ, but also instead of Christ. What do Catholics do? Instead of worshipping Jesus they worship his Statue as well as other idols and "saints."


What is the origin of the word Lucifer?

The name Lucifer comes from the Latin word for 'light-bearer'. It is a name given to the planet Venus when it appears as the morning star.The Hebrew word for lucifer is halal(haw-lal) which appears to be this cherubims real name before he became known as Satan. In the scriptures lucifer is call "the son of the morniing" and the Hebrew term halal means morning star.SOMETHING TO ALSO CONSIDER[continued] Some scholars also believe that the name 'Lucifer' is actually a mistranslation and also a misrepresentation linked with the wrong character in the bible. As mentioned above 'Lucifer' means 'light bearer' or 'light bringer' a pretty strange term to be associated with the prince of darkness. Also, one must raise the question, why is the name Lucifer, a latin word, in the old testament, which was written originally in Hebrew and Christs language would have been Aramaic, yet this Latin name dominates ideas represented with the 'devil'. It seems, some scholars would think, that 'Lucifer' was falsely translated;"3. In A.D. 382 Pope Damascus commissioned the scholar Jerome to make an official revision of the Latin versions of the Bible that were floating around in the Catholic Church. Jerome went off to a cave in Bethlehem where he proceeded to make his translation, supposedly based on the Hebrew text, but in practice based very largely on the Septuagint version (i.e. "LXX") that Origen had produced about 140 years earlier while in Caesarea. (The truth about the LXX is another subject that I have discussed in a separate paper.)Anyway, by A.D. 405 Jerome had completed his work, which we today know as "The Latin Vulgate" Bible. It is far from an infallibly accurate translation of the original texts. Rather, it is an interpretation of thought put into idiomatic, graceful Latin!For a thousand years this Translation was without a rival--and herein lies the problem!4. Jerome had understood that Isaiah 14:12 is talking about Satan. There the Hebrew word "heylel" is used and Jerome translated this into Latin as "lucifer"!This is a mistranslation!!!"In actuality, it is believed that the character of Lucifer was not a demon, but instead, perhaps, a representation of Christ, the bringer of light and knowledge, not the devil of biblical tales;"They knew very well that 2 Peter 1:19 refers without doubt to Jesus Christ. This verse calls Jesus Christ "Phosphoros" (in Greek) or "Lucifer" (in Latin). Yet the translators have hidden this fact behind the words "day star." The facts are that "Phosphoros" has absolutely nothing to do with either "day" or "star"! The translators simply borrowed a term that is elsewhere used for Christ--namely "morning star" in Revelation 2:28 (Greek = proinos + aster) and in Revelation 22:16 (Greek = orthrinos + aster)."'So Lucifer brings knowledge symbolised in the bible by the two trees. He first instructs man on the nature of good and evil and makes him wise. This wisdom enables man to access the tree of life or the Gnosis. It is through this Gnosis that man is able to access a deep and unconditional love which we call the Christ or the son of God. It is God descended and suffering in matter so that we may be saved and reunite with the most high God. The love of Christ is not a judgemental love in which a young girl may be outcast because she has had sex before marriage or a divorced couple may be stigmatised. All these rules and more are of Satan. The love of Christ for one s brother and sister in Luciferianism is unconditional."Luciferians are those who worship Lucifer, or Satan, as a being of light.The teaching that man becomes God through secret or acquired knowledge is called gnosticism.This was the teaching that Satan used in the garden of Eden to lure Adam and Eve into eating fruit from a tree from which He had forbidden them, and until that time, they were created beings, though without sin, and in unbroken fellowship with each other and with God.The Hebrew term in Isaiah 14:12 is "shining one", and the name Lucifer means "shining one", so Jerome, in translating the Vulgate, put the name Lucifer in here. The NASB says "star of the morning", the NIV says "morning star", the NRSV says "day star", and Green's Literal Translation says "shining star", the Septuagint says "dawn-bringer" and the Syriac Peshitta says the name 'Aylel. See The Complete Book of Bible Answers p.243-244, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties p.268-270, Hard Sayings of the Bible p.302-303, and New Age Bible Versions Refuted p.17 for more info.In Luke 10:18, Jesus speaks of Satan:17The seventy-two returned with joy and said, "Lord, even the demons submit to us in your name."18He replied, "I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven. 19I have given you authority to trample on snakes and scorpions and to overcome all the power of the enemy; nothing will harm you. 20However, do not rejoice that the spirits submit to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven."Original Word: Σατανᾶς, ᾶ, ὁPart of Speech: Noun, MasculineTransliteration: SatanasPhonetic Spelling: (sat-an-as')Short Definition: an adversary, SatanDefinition: an adversary, Satan.Word Originof Hebrew origin SatanDefinitionthe adversary, Satan, i.e. the devilNASB Word UsageSatan (35), Satan's (1).Although "Lucifer" is the Latin version of the name, the passage is talking about Satan, not a mere Babylonian king. Light-Bearer or Morning Star?Throughout the world, if you ask people who "Heyleel" (hey-LEYL) is, most will not know what to answer. But if you ask them, "Who is Lucifer?" you will very likely get the correct answer. People know who Lucifer is. Ask the Luciferians, who worship Lucifer as a being of light. Ask the Satanists, who call their master Lucifer. No one is in doubt as to who Lucifer is.What if you ask them, "Who is the morning star?" or "Who is the day star?" Most will know it's Jesus. Look at these scriptures: 2 Peter 1:19: "We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts:"Revelation 22:16: "I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright and morning star."Any translation that says "day star" or "morning star" or "star of the morning" in Isaiah 14:12, like most modern perversions, is bringing confusion. And God is not the author of confusion (1 Corinthians 14:33). Many people reading the modern perversions end up asking, "If Lucifer is the morning star and Jesus is the morning star, then is Lucifer Jesus?" The modern translations are simply not clear!That is not all. The term translated "Lucifer" does NOT at all mean "morning star" or "star of the morning." That would be two totally different Hebrew words. The word means "light-bearer." In Greek it's "heosphoros," "light-bearer." In Latin it's translated "Lucifer," light-bearer. Whether you say "heylel," "heosphoros" or "lucifer," the meaning is the same: "light-bearer." But only Lucifer communicates who we are talking about in English.And not only English uses the term. Look at these ancient translations of the word. They also use some form of "Lucifer." SpanishReina-Valera (1557 through 1909)LuceroCzechKralika (1613)lucifereRomanianCornilescu (to present)LuceafarGoing Deeper: the Example of EzekielThere is evidence that God is speaking through his prophet to someone other than the king, even though it starts out to that person. Ezekiel 28 is an excellent example. It begins by talking about a human being ruling as king of Tyrus (Tyre). Then the scene shifts and the devil behind the leader starts to take focus:First God addresses the king, called the "prince of Tyrus": Ezekiel 28:1-2: "The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God"Then to the devil behind the prince, called the "king of Tyrus" (note the more specific references that have nothing to do with the location or time of Tyre): Ezekiel 28:11-17: "Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty. Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee."There was no one in Tyre that was in Eden or the mountain of God. No one there was a cherub (a type of angel). No one there was "created." This is Satan, Lucifer, the serpent, the dragon, the devil. (And I'm sure he recognizes those names for him by now!) Satan/Lucifer/the serpent/the dragon was a cherub, an angel. He was created, since angels were created, not born. Humans were born after Adam and Eve, not created. He was in the garden of God, Eden. He was the "covering cherub." He was "bright" as an angel of light (see also 2 Corinthians 11:14)Now let's look back at Isaiah 14. Isaiah also begins talking to the physical king of Babylon, then afterward to the spirit behind him.It starts out to the king: Isaiah 14:4-8: "…thou shalt take up this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say, How hath the oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased! The LORD hath broken the staff of the wicked, and the sceptre of the rulers. He who smote the people in wrath with a continual stroke, he that ruled the nations in anger, is persecuted, and none hindereth. The whole earth is at rest, and is quiet: they break forth into singing. Yea, the fir trees rejoice at thee, and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, Since thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us"Then it changes in tone: Isaiah 14:12-15: "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit."The scriptures tell us who this is. Jesus said: Luke 10:18-20: "And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you. Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written in heaven."Revelation also leaves no doubt as to who fell from heaven: Revelation 12:7-12: "And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, And prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night. And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death. Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a short time."So we know that the only ones in the Bible that fell from heaven are the Devil and his angels. These are the ones for whom "everlasting fire," the lake of fire, was made: Matthew 25:41: "Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels:"Revelation 20:10: "And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever."The King James Bible is right, however we view it. Even if we pretend the scripture is only talking to the earthly king, it still is clearly talking about Satan, the Devil, known world over as Lucifer.Historicity of the Old TestamentTwo Basic FormsPapyrus Scroll, then Codex (like a book)Documentation -- OT Scrolls•Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)•100 B.C. (1947)•Parts of all the OT books but Esther•A complete scroll of Isaiah is pictured hereDocumentation -- OT Copyists•To ensure the accuracy of their copies, the Jewish Masoretes took great pains:-to count the number of times each letter appeared in each book-to know the middle letter of the Pentateuch-to know the middle letter of the OT-to invent many safeguards to check a copy's accuracy•Created vowels for clarity and memory aids for double checking allnumberingsDocumentation -- OT Codices•Cairo Codex •895 A.D.•Has only the books of the prophetsDocumentation -- OT Codices•Aleppo Codex •930 A.D.•Had the complete Old Testament, but parts later became lost•Can see an electronic copy of the HebrewDocumentation -- OT Codices•Leningrad Codex •1008 A.D.•Oldest complete OT•When this text was compared with DSS, only 5% difference