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In the Talmud, (Shabbat 31a), the following story is told about the leading rabbi of his time, Hillel (who died in around 10CE) in which he answers this question:

On another occasion it happened that a certain heathen came before Shammai and said to him, 'Make me a proselyte, on condition that you teach me the whole Torah while I stand on one foot.' Thereupon he repulsed him with the builder's cubit which was in his hand. [Rashi explains: a cubit to measure off the amount of work done by a builder.] When he went before Hillel, he said to him, 'What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbour: that is the whole Torah, while the rest is the commentary thereof; go and learn it.' [Soncino translation]

Hillel's answer was a paraphrase of the Golden Rule, which appeared first in the Jewish scriptures (Leviticus 19:18), Love your neighbour as yourself.

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