That depends on what 'major' means to you.
If you mean the historic home of Judaism, the place where Judaism is ultimately
'from', and the only place where it can be fully practiced, then that place is Israel.
If you mean the place where the most Jews currently reside, and form communities
whose common unifying theme is the Judaism of its residents, then again, the leading
location is Israel, with other major locations in North America, South America, Europe,
Africa, and Australia, and some relatively less major ones in Asia. At any given time,
it's probably accurate to leave Antarctica off of the list.
Judaism's primary language is Hebrew
Judaism.
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For Judaism and Christianity it is Jerusalem. For Islam it is Mecca.
Israel; and after that, America.
To be g-d's hands and perfect the world.
A primary location is a place where things belong. For example, a koala's primary location is Australia.
Judaism is practiced wherever Jews live. The only country where Judaism is the primary religion is Israel.
Israel.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
That there is only one true god.
That depends when. Before they were exiled all over the world, the Jews were in Israel.