Abd al Mallik unify the empire by making Arabic the official language of government in all Muslim lands
Umayyad A+ Umayyad Umayyad Umayyad
The umayyad were overthrown by the Abbasid
The emirs were governors in the government who ruled strictly to stop any disagreement
It helped the scattered states from revolting
It helped the scattered states from revolting
It helped the scattered states from revolting
the methods that the umayyads used to unify their empire was the common language and the coinage!
Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad Dynasty.
It depends on what you mean by "defeated". The Umayyad armies experienced their first major loss in Poitiers, France in 732 C.E. The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus was overthrown by the Abbassids in 750 C.E. The Umayyad Caliphate in Córdoba, Spain collapsed in 1038 C.E. with the death of Hisham III without any successors.
The language of the universities and the government will vary from region to region. This is called a national language.
The Abbasid Empire significantly influenced the Umayyad government in Córdoba by providing a model of administration, culture, and governance that the Umayyads adapted in their own context. After the Umayyad caliphate was overthrown in the East, the surviving Umayyad members in Spain established an independent emirate, using Abbasid ideas to create a centralized and sophisticated bureaucratic system. This included the promotion of arts, sciences, and trade, fostering a rich cultural environment that mirrored the flourishing Abbasid capital of Baghdad. Ultimately, the Umayyads in Córdoba blended these influences with local customs, leading to a unique and prosperous society in medieval Spain.