John Paul II was elevated to cardinal by Pope Paul VI in Rome on June 26, 1967.
He was never ordained as a bishop. he was consecrated as an archbishop on May 28, 1977, and elevated to cardinal a month later. He never served as a bishop.
He was elevated to cardinal on February 21, 2001, by Pope John Paul II.
He was elected in a conclave by the cardinal electors.
He was ordained the bishop of Ombi on September 28, 1958.
The short answer is no. A cardinal, technically, could be any Catholic man, historically, they have been ordained, either deacon, priest, or Bishop. A Cardinal is just the title of someone eligible to elect the next Pope. In recent times, if the Pope picks a priest as a Cardinal, they are *usually* consecrated Bishop, if they are not already. However, either Pope Paul VI, or John Paul II chose Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J. as a Cardinal, and he, who was a priest of the Jesuit Order, declined consecration as a Bishop.
Pope Francis was elevated to cardinal on February 21, 2001, by Pope John Paul II.
Pope John Paul II worked as a priest, then bishop and cardinal in Poland. When he was elected pope he then worked for over 26 years in Vatican City.
Pope Francis became a Cardinal in the year 2001
He was elected in a conclave by the cardinal electors.
Technically, a Catholic man might be elected to the Papacy. In the 20th century, the Popes may it a rule that only a priest could be elected, since then Pope John Paul II changed it to any Bishop. Realistically, it is usually a Cardinal.
Yes, he was a cardinal before elected as pope.