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If there was indeed a massacre of infants under King Herod, it must have been well before his death, because Herod would not have been so concerned about a potential rival in his last few months, when he knew he was dying Herod died in April 4 BCE, so the slaughter would have probably have occurred no later than 6 BCE. Because Matthew says Herod was so unsure how old Jesus might have been that he had all infant boys under two years old slaughtered, Jesus would seem to have died a year or two earlier than this.

On the other hand the first-century Jewish historian, Josephus, when condemning Herod for every wrong of which he knew, never mentions what would have been Herod's most heinous act. Modern biblical scholars say that the story of Herod's 'Slaughter of the Innocents' was actually based on the Old Testament story of Moses, in which the pharaoh ordered all the infant boys under two years old to be slaughtered.

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