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There are two questions here:

Where did Judaism start?
The general Jewish religious answer is that Judaism originated in Israel, but there are three acceptable religious answers according to Judaism (Israel, Harran, and Sinai). In addition there is also the historical answer (Slow Development in Israel and Babylon).

A. Religious: Israel
The general correct answer is the Holy Land (Canaan; today's Israel), since it was there that Abraham lived most of his life. It was there that Abraham made a covenant with God (Genesis ch.15) and raised his family and taught disciples to carry on his beliefs and traditions (see Genesis 18:19).

B. Religious: Harran (North Syria/South Turkey) -- The Road Between Babylonia and Israel
Judaism, theoretically, could also have developed in Harran, since it was there that the young Abraham (after being born in Ur) lived for several decades before coming to Canaan, and taught others about the One God.

C. Religious: Sinai (Northeast Egypt)
The Jewish people officially became a nation at Mt. Sinai when G-d revealed Himself to 2 million people and gave them the Torah (Exodus ch.19). This differs from other religions in the fact that the revelation involved the whole nation and not just one individual. The Islamic religious position is that this was when the religion of Judaism started.

D. Historical: Israel and Babylonia (Central Iraq)
Jewish teachings began to crystallize in the times of the Kings of Israel, but those beliefs and traditions did not crystallize until the Jewish Exile in Babylon. It was at this point, that the Torah was completed as explained by the JEPD hypothesis.

Where did Judaism spread?
Since Judaism is a non-proselytizing faith, it spread to whatever countries Jews were exiled to or were able to move to in order to escape persecution and did not spread by local conversions. At one time or another that would cover most civilized parts of the world, but primarily covered Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and (after they were "discovered") the Americas and Australia. Judaism did not make it to Central Asia, India, China, or Southeast Asia except as small trading communities. Other than Ethiopia, Jews also had practically no presence in Sub-Saharan Africa until the colonization of South Africa by the Boers.

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Related Questions

Did Judaism spread fast?

Judaism spread fast so equals yes


How was judaism spread in rome?

Judaism did not spread at all in Rome. The Ancient Romans were hostile to Jewish practice.


How did judaism start in United Kingdom?

Judaism was started in Palestine. It spread mainly through immigration, which is how the religion ended up in the UK among practically every other country.


Did the Arabs spread Judaism?

No.


Is the spread of Judaism political?

Judaism was spread by the repeated expulsion of Jewish people from places where they had lived. Wherever they went, they took their Judaism with them. The people who helped spread Judaism were comprised of those who ever said "We gotta get these $%@#& out of our nerighborhood". Also, to be precise and avoid a misconception that the question may imply . . . Judaism spread geographically, with Jews who migrated geographically. It was never spread by persuasion, because Judaism has never included a proselytizing ethic. That means that Jews do not try to convert people.


Was there anyone that helped spread Judaism?

Judaism was spread by the repeated expulsion of Jewish people from places where they had lived. Wherever they went, they took their Judaism with them. The people who helped spread Judaism were comprised of those who ever said "We gotta get these $%@#& out of our nerighborhood". Also, to be precise and avoid a misconception that the question may imply . . . Judaism spread geographically, with Jews who migrated geographically. It was never spread by persuasion, because Judaism has never included a proselytizing ethic. That means that Jews do not try to convert people.


How did the education of Judaism spread?

Judaism was spread by the repeated expulsion of Jewish people from places where they had lived. Wherever they went, they took their Judaism with them. The people who helped spread Judaism were comprised of those who ever said "We gotta get these $%@#& out of our nerighborhood". Also, to be precise and avoid a misconception that the question may imply . . . Judaism spread geographically, with Jews who migrated geographically. It was never spread by persuasion, because Judaism has never included a proselytizing ethic. That means that Jews do not try to convert people.


What is the spread of Judaism?

Judaism was spread worldwide by the repeated expulsion of Jewish people from places where they had lived. Wherever they went, they took their Judaism with them. The people who helped spread Judaism were comprised of those who ever said "We gotta get these $%@#& out of our nerighborhood". Also, to be precise and avoid a misconception that the question may imply . . . Judaism spread geographically, with Jews who migrated geographically. It was never spread by persuasion, because Judaism has never included a proselytizing ethic. That means that Jews do not try to convert people.


How fast did Judaism spread?

Gradually.


Did the Judaism religion spread?

Yes.


Who started the spread of Judaism?

Abraham.


Where did Judaism spread to from Rome?

France.