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The relationship between the degree of response of the organisms and the quantity of the chemical always assumes a classic concentration-response form. The graphs represent the results of tests in which groups of the organisms of the same species were exposed to various concentrations of a chemical for a specific length of time. The least variability in the curve is at the 50% level of response. The concentration at which 50% level of the individuals react after a specified length of exposure is used as a measure of the activity or toxicity of the chemical agent.

In determining the relative toxicity of a new chemical to aquatic organisms, an acute toxicity test is first conducted to estimate the median lethal concentration of the chemical in the water to which test organisms are exposed. LC50 is the concentration estimated to produce mortality in 50% of a test population over a specific time period.

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