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Free blacks were common in the South, but their rights were restricted by many states' laws. They could generally own land, or even own slaves, though almost none did. They could operate businesses that did not compete with those run by whites, and establish their own social clubs and organizations. In many cases, they could teach their trades but were not allowed to operate schools. Some educated blacks were hired by slaveowners to teach their children or their slaves. The right to vote was almost never extended to free blacks, even when they were property owners -- this was, however, also true in the North, as only 6 states had suffrage for black males at the time of the Civil War.

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