Evolution

Hellen influenced the greek language and writing system for she showed the king at that time the writing system of the persians.

A simplified example of mating behavior.

If young men wanted old women as mates their genes would be selected out, as they would have few children to pass those genes to, until negative frequency selection reduced these allele in the gene pool. Men who desire young, fertile women as mates leave many descendents that carry the genes for this trait. So, over generations the mating behavior of men is shaped. and stabilizing selection keeps this mating trait/allele at high frequency in the populations gene pool.

Millions of years of adaptive change to the immediate environment. Natural selection and sexual selection in humans have shaped our bodies to preform the survival and reproductively successful algorithms that " promote " genes into the next generation. Even our faces are products of selection, sexual selection, as women drive this evolution in men by being the sex that chooses to be with a partner.

The small, many toed ancestor of the horse lived in forests and had a different diet and lifestyle. As the forest disappeared in that area the horse began to develop hooves, long legs and different teeth to deal with the grassy plains by means of variations in horses being selected against the immediate environment; grassy plains full of silicates in the grass and predators that ran their prey down.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a French naturalist best known for his early theories of evolution, particularly the concept of inheritance of acquired characteristics. He studied various organisms, including plants and invertebrates, and proposed that traits developed during an organism's lifetime could be passed to its offspring. This idea contrasted with Darwin's theory of natural selection, and although Lamarck's specific mechanisms were later discredited, his work laid important groundwork for evolutionary biology.

Not well supported by the evidence and basically just assertion. Lamarck asserted that acquired characteristics, such as muscles developed during one's lifetime, were heritable. They are not. He also asserted that an organism had a " desire " to evolve. This was also not true.

Because i don't Know?:)

Because They didn't know.

Before Darwin and Wallace the accepted age of the world was only a few thousand years (based on their available data and paradigm). The idea of Evolution by Natural Selection was as much of an innovation as Special and General Relativity.

the beaks were different on every island

Aside from artificial selection humans are a large part of all other organisms environments. So, any barriers humans erect could bring about allopactric speciation, though I can not think of any specific examples there.

Also, human caused extinctions can cause adaptive radiation of a species into the niche of a species driven extinct by humans.

As part of the environment of other organisms humans can have great effects on speciation. Especially adaptive radiation. As we contribute heavily to the extinction of some species other species flow into those open niches and radiate outwards to possible speciation.

Lamarck Posited the concept of acquired characteristics being heritable and the organisms " need " to adapt physiological parts, such as giraffes " needing " longer necks. Needless to say both of these main concepts of Lamarck's were wrong.

Darwin posited the theory of evolution by natural selection that saw selected variations of organisms evolving over time by their progeny inheriting favorable characteristics. Darwin had the evidence that Lamarck did not and his theory, with modifications, is still the best explanation of evolution and the origin of species extant.

Evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms. By sequencing genes one can see this happen. Also just observing the morphological and behavioral changes in populations over time can lead to evidence supporting evolution. Check Lenski and his E. coli experiments. Over 20 years evolution was observed in these microorganisms. Fairly easy Google.

Yes, I would use milliliters.

The most primitive form of human speech is believed to be nonverbal gestures, facial expressions, and vocalizations that conveyed basic emotions, needs, and intentions. These early forms of communication likely evolved into more complex languages over time.

Basically, he was rich! He had an income per year and did not have to do any work but the work he wanted to do, naturalism.

Darwin's explanation for the fact of evolution was better than Lamarck's explanation and fit the fact of evolution. Natural selection solved much of the species problem, but acquired characteristics did not have the empirical support and explained nothing in the end.

Yes

Lamarck led the way for and had ideas that helped Darwin. However, his observations regarding the mechanisms of evolution were, with the exception of one, totally backwards.

To summarize Lamarck, he hypothesized that organisms somehow had a choice in their traits and could change to fit the environment (he called these ideas his theories of need and his theory of use and disuse). The part he was correct on was that should an organism change, they would pass the traits on to their offspring.

Darwin said, basically, the opposite. Darwin observed that organisms were born with slight differences (variations) and those variations might give some members of a species an advantage in the struggle to survive in the environment. The reward for survival was that the organism got to reproduce and pass those traits on to their offspring. Of course, the offspring might show some variation and the whole process would continue to repeat.

However, the bottom line with Darwin (and contrary to Lamarck) was that an organism had no choice in its traits as an organism is born with or without the advantage. Darwin, without knowing its mechanisms, recognized that genetics played a part in evolution.

Darwin died not knowing of Mendel's work on genetics which, of course, substantiates Darwin's theory.

That species arose by mean of natural selection. The independently come up with a theory of evolution by natural selection in 1858.

Lamarck's father was Philippe Jacques de Monet de La Marck. His mother was Marie-Françoise de Fontaines de Chuignolles

I have never known it to be called anything but "The Devonian", but one might speculate it could be called "The First Flowering", as the Devonian was when there was the first massive increase in sea creatures, as well as the first heavy vegetation on the surface of earth. The Devonian ended with a mass extinction event that is still not understood. There is some discussion of the "Alamo Impact Event" being connected with it, but most scientists believe that was too small, and too far before the mass extinction (3.5 million years) to have been the cause.

Piplup evolves level 16 to prinplup!

All reproductively isolated populations diverge genetically. Even in cases where convergent evolution occurs, this is only at the behavioural and morphological level. At the molecular and the genetic level, even these instances still diverge at the genetic level.

Natural selection.