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Evolution

The scientific theory according to which populations change gradually through a process of natural selection.

5,264 Questions

What do creationists today say are some of the main problems with Darwin's theory of evolution?

1) The glaring lack of transitional fossils has been noted by the evolutionists themselves, such as this statement from the famous paleontologist and evolutionist George G. Simpson; quote: "The regular lack of transitional fossils is not confined to primates alone, but is an almost universal phenomenon."
"The lack of transitional series cannot be explained as being due to the scarcity of material. The deficiencies are real; they will never be filled" (Nilsson, N. Heribert).
"To the unprejudiced, the fossil record of plants is in favor of special creation" (Corner, E.J.H., Contemporary Botanical Thought).
2) Instances of falsifying of evidence by evolutionists, such as Haeckel's drawings, Archaeoraptor, the Cardiff "specimen," and Piltdown Man.
"Haeckel exaggerated the similarities [between embryos of different species] by idealizations and omissions, in a procedure that can only be called fraudulent. His drawings never fooled embryologists, who recognized his fudgings right from the start. The drawings, despite their noted inaccuracies, entered into the standard student textbooks of biology. Once ensconced in textbooks, misinformation becomes cocooned and effectively permanent, because textbooks copy from previous texts. We do, I think, have the right to be both astonished and ashamed by the century of mindless recycling that has led to the persistence of these drawings in a large number, if not a majority, of modern textbooks (Stephen Gould).
Dr. Jonathan Wells published a book in 2002 entitled Icons of Evolution. Dr. Wells states that the book shows that "the best-known 'evidences' for Darwin's theory have been exaggerated, distorted or even faked."
3) Creationists see the "survival of the fittest" and the dating of rock layers by fossils as being perfect tautologies.
4) The fact that some qualified, educated, normal scientists do not believe in evolution. Or at least question it, even if they still preach evolution: "Nine-tenths of the talk of evolutionists is sheer nonsense, not founded on observation and wholly unsupported by facts. This museum is full of proofs of the utter falsity of their views. In all this great museum, there is not a particle of evidence of the transmutation of species" (Dr. Etheridge, Paleontologist of the British Museum).
"To postulate that the development and survival of the fittest is entirely a consequence of chance mutations seems to me a hypothesis based on no evidence and irreconcilable with the facts. It amazes me that this is swallowed so uncritically and readily, and for such a long time, by so many scientists without murmur of protest" (Sir Ernest Chain, Nobel Prize winner).
5) The fact that there is a shared, worldwide tradition among every ancient society that the world was created.
6) Evolving of new species has not been witnessed during known history.
7) Mutations are harmful, not beneficial. One of the tasks of DNA and of long-term breeding is to avoid or repair any changes brought about by mutations. This means that our genetic apparatus is programmed to resist change.
8) Mutations, even if beneficial, do not create new organs.
9) The fact that a great number of fossils have been found in the "wrong" rock-layers according to what evolutionary paleontology would require.
10) The fact that you need DNA to make DNA. No genetic code can be demonstrated to have arisen by chance, together with the ability to read that code and carry out its instructions. Information does not arise spontaneously; and there is an incredible amount of information in even the tiniest cell.
"A living cell is so awesomely complex that its interdependent components stagger the imagination and defy evolutionary explanations" (Michael Denton, author).
"The astounding structural complexity of a cell" (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Concerning a single structure within a cell: "Without the motor protein, the microtubules don't slide and the cilium simply stands rigid. Without nexin, the tubules will slide against each other until they completely move past each other and the cilium disintegrates. Without the tubulin, there are no microtubules and no motion. The cilium is irreducibly complex. Like a mousetrap, it has all the properties of design and none of the properties of natural selection" (Michael Behe, prof. of biophysics).
11) The problem of the impossibility of abiogenesis in general. "The concept of abiogenesis is not science. It's fantasy" (J.L. Wile, Ph.D.).
12) The fact that evolution was once used as support for the belief that Blacks (or others) are less than highly-evolved humans. "Darwin was also convinced that the Europeans were evolutionarily more advanced than the black races" (Steven Rose, author). He also "reasoned that males are more evolutionarily advanced than females" (B. Kevics, author).
13. The first and second laws of thermodynamics point clearly to a Creator, since things undergo entropy rather than get more orderly over time.
14. "Radiometric techniques may not be the absolute dating methods that they are claimed to be. Age-estimates on a given geological stratum by different radiometric methods are often very different. There is no absolutely reliable long-term radiological clock. The uncertainties inherent in radiometric dating are disturbing to geologists and evolutionists." William D. Stansfield, Ph.D., Instructor of Biology, California Polytechnic State University.
15. "Even total rock systems may be open during metamorphism and may have their isotopic systems changed, making it impossible to determine their geologic age." Prof. Gunter Faure (Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus.)
16 a). At current rates of erosion the amount of sea-floor sediments actually found do not support a "billions of years" age for the Earth.
b) The amount of Sodium Chloride in the sea, also, is a small fraction of what the "old Earth" theory would postulate.
c) The Earth's magnetic field is decaying too fast to extrapolate a long age for the Earth.
d) The rate of accumulation of Moon-dust has been measured; and the amount of dust on the Moon was found to be vastly less than what scientists had predicted before the Moon-landings.
e) Helium is generated by radioactive elements as they decay. The escape of this helium into the atmosphere can be measured. According to the Evolutionary age of the Earth there should be much more helium in the atmosphere, instead of the 0.05% that is actually there.

What are the main differences between evolution and creation?

Creationists: believe that God created the universe as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. The world was created in six ordinary days. Animals and plants were created pretty much in the form we find them today. Most fossils formed rapidly as a result of a worldwide flood.

Evolutionists: believe that the universe formed from a "big bang" billions of years ago. Life formed from non-life. From the first simple life-form(s), every other living thing on earth has evolved. Evolutionists do not believe there was a worldwide flood; they believe that fossils formed slowly from local events

How do i get all of evee's evolutions?

To obtain all of Eevee's evolutions, you can evolve Eevee by meeting specific criteria for each evolution. For Vaporeon (Water type), use a Water Stone; for Jolteon (Electric type), use a Thunder Stone; for Flareon (Fire type), use a Fire Stone. For Espeon (Psychic type), level up Eevee with high friendship during the day, and for Umbreon (Dark type), level up Eevee with high friendship at night. For Leafeon (Grass type), level up Eevee near a Moss Rock, and for Glaceon (Ice type), level up Eevee near an Ice Rock. Finally, for Sylveon (Fairy type), level up Eevee with a Fairy-type move and high friendship.

What is responsive evolution involves organisms evolving in tandem to improve chances of survival an example of this type of evolution is?

Responsive evolution occurs when two or more species evolve in response to each other's presence to increase their chances of survival. An example of this is the co-evolution between flowers and pollinators, where flowers evolve to attract specific pollinators, and the pollinators evolve to efficiently collect nectar from these flowers. This mutual adaptation benefits both species and enhances their respective survival and reproduction.

How did the evolution process first start?

Answer:Evolution is only a name put on the observation that some things do better than others, and things that do better than others (in the living world) tend to survive and breed and pass their successful traits along. This process can be traced back even to the inorganic levels that led to the development of life (See Link).

Evolution exists outside of the living world. Businesses and Corporations adapt to survive and evolve as well to meet new challenges and opportunities.

How does evolution help scientists?

Evolution helps scientists understand how species have changed over time and how organisms are related through common ancestry. It also allows scientists to study how adaptations develop in response to environmental pressures, informing research in various fields such as biology, ecology, and medicine. Additionally, the principles of evolution guide experimental research and provide a framework for studying the diversity of life on Earth.

What is competition in evolution?

Where two species compete for a scarce resource such as food, that species which is better able to adapt and evolve will succeed, while the less adaptable species will decline and possibly become locally extinct.

What kind of selection occurs in many birds when males that build strong nests and help care for young are chosen by females as mates?

Sexual selection occurs, where females choose mates based on specific traits that may indicate genetic quality and fitness. In this case, the trait of building strong nests and helping care for young is being selected for in male birds by females, as it increases the chances of their offspring's survival. This selection process helps ensure that males with these advantageous traits pass them on to future generations.

What exactly is evolution?

Evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time through the processes of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. It explains how life on Earth has diversified and adapted to different environments over millions of years.

What would blending do to evolution?

The blending of genetic traits with sexual reproduction would have falsified evolutionary theory.

When Darwin first started his work on evolutionary theory, he was afraid that rather than being atomary, genetic traits would blend over time. This would make it impossible for a specific trait to remain unchanged for any length of time, and therefore impossible for natural selection to favour it in any significant way.

Fortunately, Mendel's contemporary work showed that genetic traits *are* atomary, and do not blend with reproduction. Unfortunately for Darwin, he went to his grave without ever learning about this. His evolutionary theory was only modified to include Mendel's work more than half a century after his death.

Over what time period have the hottest 10 years on earth occurred?

The hottest 10 years on Earth have occurred since 2005, with the majority falling between 2010 and 2020. This trend is attributed to ongoing climate change driven by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels.

What is the origin of the Theory of Evolution?

Evidence of evolution began to be recognised as far back as the eighteenth century, but naturists could not yet identify an explanation for this evidence. Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet (1744-1829) was an early advocate of evolution and believed that it proceeded in accordance with natural laws.

Thus Charles Darwin (1809-1892) was not the first to study evolution, but he was the first to recognise the role of natural selection in evolution. He had studied medicine, before dropping out and studying taxidermy, then natural history. His father enrolled Charles to study theology, hoping he would become a clergyman. Charles Darwin developed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection after observing the evidence for evolution during his voyage in HMS Beagle. The captain of the Beagle was already aware of evolutionary theories that were already beginning to shock Christian believers in Europe, and had hoped that by having a naturalist on board he might obtain geological evidence to refute the them. During the voyage, from 1831 to 1836, Darwin travelled hundreds of miles inland, from country to country, trying to interpret the fauna, flora and geological formations. He then spent a further twenty years gathering and investigating evidence before publishing his conclusions.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection says that species evolved over time in response to changes in the natural environment, and is seen by scientists as the best explanation for the facts. Darwin wrote Origin of Species in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871.

The English naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace also invented the theory of natural selection, independent of Charles Darwin. However, he believed that natural selection did not apply to humans, because our evolution was divinely guided. In the years since, paleoanthropologists have found ample evidence that human evolution did occur as the result of natural selection, just as the evolution of all other species did.

What is the common ancestry theory?

The common ancestry theory proposes that all living organisms on Earth share a common ancestor. This idea is supported by evidence from evolutionary biology, genetics, and the fossil record, showing similarities in the genetic code and biological structures across different species. It underpins the understanding of evolutionary relationships between organisms and the diversity of life on our planet.

Is evolution a pseudoscience?

No. Evolution is accepted as legitimate evidence-supported science by virtually 100% of professional biologists, by 95% of scientists in general, and almost every National or International Academy of Science on the planet has issued one or more statements confirming evolution is legitimate science well supported by all available evidence.

How do you explain the principle of dominance?

Genetic dominance?

One gene is dominant over the other gene in the chromosome pair by having it protein product made totally at the expense of the recessive gene, or the protein product dominates production.

For instance, blue eye color is recessive to brown eye color. You have two alleles ( different molecular form of the same gene ) in this case; one from one parent and one from the other parent. Only the brown allele expresses and is called dominant then.

Unit of inheretince that is passed from parent to offspring?

The unit of inheritance that is passed from parent to offspring is called a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism's cells and tissues, and are responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits from one generation to the next.

How is adaptation related to fitness How is diversity of life related to evolution?

Adaptation is a trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment, allowing it to survive and reproduce better. Diversity of life is related to evolution through the process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous adaptations are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation, leading to the accumulation of diverse traits over time.

Defective alleles are eliminated rapidly from population if they are?

A defective allele is more likely to be eliminated from a population if it is dominant. This is because it is immediately exposed to the effects of selection, as only one copy of a dominant allele is needed for it's characteristic to be developed.

If an allele is recessive it can survive in a population as it is 'hidden' from selection by the presence of the corresponding dominant allele. It will only beexposed to selectionif an individual inherits the recessive allele from both parents. If the recessive allele is rare, the chances of two individuals with the allele mating could be quite small. In this way a defective recesssive allele could survive at low levels in a population.

How does studying embryology help show evidence of evolution?

Some believe embryos all looking startlingly alike in the early stages of development suggests that organisms had a common ancestor.

However, while it is commonly believed that embryos are very much alike in the early stages of their development, this is actually not true, and is based upon drawings produced by evolutionary apologist Ernst Haeckel in the 19th century. For over 60 years this scientific notion has been recognized as a fraud and the theory of 'embryonic recapitulation' (the reliving of evolutionary history in the embryonic stage of organisms) theory has been invalidated. What is surprising is that this discredited theory is still taught and the pictures reproduced in science textbooks down to the present day.

In any case, even if embryos were in fact similar, this would not necessarily prove evolution, but could also quite logically be evidence of a common designer, just as the Porsche and the Volkswagen, with their resultant similarities, were both designed by Dr Porsche.

Everything you need to know about evolution?

The study of evolution is a lifetime occupation for many scientists, but what most people need to know is that evolution is the process of change by which primitive early species developed into more complex ones. It is the process by which all life forms, that we know today, emerged.

How long did the evolution take?

The process of evolution has been ongoing for billions of years, with life forms gradually changing and adapting to their environments over time. The exact duration can vary depending on the specific species or traits being considered.

Why programs using evolutionary development are difficult to maintain?

Programs using evolutionary development can be difficult to maintain because they often lack proper documentation and design specifications since they are continuously evolving. This can introduce complexity and make it challenging for new developers to understand the system. Additionally, frequent changes in the codebase can lead to dependency issues and technical debt, making it harder to add new features or fix bugs efficiently.

Which one of the following statements best illustrates one of Darwinss insighs into the theory of natural selection?

One of Darwin's key insights was that the traits of individuals that enable them to survive and reproduce in their environment will become more common in future generations. This process, known as natural selection, leads to the gradual adaptation of populations to their environment over time.

When does the fertilization occurs?

Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube after ovulation, when a sperm cell successfully penetrates and fertilizes an egg. This usually happens within 24 hours after the egg is released from the ovary.