A solution that shows little or no change in pH when an acid or base is added is typically a buffer solution. Buffers consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid, which help resist changes in pH by neutralizing added acids or bases. This ability to maintain a stable pH is crucial in many biological and chemical processes where a specific pH range is necessary for optimal function.

Simple plants that produce rock-breaking acids are often referred to as "acidophilic" or "rock-dwelling" plants. These plants, such as certain species of lichens and mosses, can secrete organic acids that help in the weathering of rocks and minerals. This process aids in nutrient cycling and soil formation, contributing to their ecosystems.

Washing powder is typically alkaline due to the presence of compounds like sodium carbonate and sodium percarbonate, which help to break down stains and grease. While some washing powders may contain natural ingredients, most conventional detergents include synthetic chemicals to enhance their cleaning power. Therefore, while they may contain natural components, they are primarily formulated as alkaline cleaning agents.

The most acidic pH levels are typically found in strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), which can have pH values close to 0. Natural environments, like volcanic lakes or areas affected by acid rain, can also exhibit extremely low pH levels. Additionally, some biological processes, like fermentation, can produce acidic conditions, but they generally don't reach the extremes of strong acids.

Neutralisation.

Sodium hydroxide + Acetic Acid = Sodium Acetate + Water.

NaOH + CH3COOH = CH3COONa + H2O

NB THe modern IUPAC name for Acetic Acid is Ethanoic Acid/Sodium Ethanoate.

Acid and hydroxide produces a salt & Water. The system becomes neutrl.

HA + MOH = MA + H2O

Remember the general equations.

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Alkali(hydroxide) = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Carbonate = Salt +Water + Carbon Dioxide.

NB A Base is the oxide of a Group(I) or (II) metal. An Alkali is a soluble base. These soluble bases (alkalis) are often referred to a 'hydroxides'.

It is an ACID . ( Hydro) Broic Acid.

A Salt.

Chemical salts are of the form 'metal cation' and Acidic Anion'.

The general formula is given as M^(n+)A^(m-).

In calcium carbonate the metal cation is calcium (Ca^(2+)) and the Acidic anion is CO3^(2-).

Zinc Phosphate.

Here is the reaction eq'n

3ZnCO3 (aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) = Zn3(PO4)2(aq) + 3H2O(l)+ 3CO2(g)

This is a classic Acid + Carbonate = Salt +Water + Carbon Dioxide reaction.

A PHOSPHATE.

e.g.

Sodium phosphate ( Na3PO4 )

The artist is creating a lithograph, which is a printmaking technique that involves drawing on a flat surface, in this case, a sensitized limestone slab, with a special ink. The slab is then treated with nitric acid to create a chemical reaction that helps to fix the image. When ink is rolled onto the slab, it adheres only to the drawn areas, allowing the artist to create multiple copies of the original artwork.

Yes, it is true that both architecture and artwork can be severely damaged by acid deposition, which primarily comes from pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These acids can corrode building materials such as limestone, marble, and concrete, leading to structural degradation. Similarly, artworks, especially those made of stone, metal, or painted surfaces, can suffer from discoloration, erosion, and loss of detail. Protecting these cultural assets from acid deposition is crucial for their preservation.

When red litmus paper is dipped in distilled water, it will remain red, indicating that the water is neutral and does not change the acidity. Similarly, when blue litmus paper is dipped in the same distilled water, it will also remain blue. This observation confirms that distilled water has a neutral pH of around 7, which does not affect the litmus papers' color.

'NHO3' is normally written as 'HNO3' and is named Nitric Acid.

NB For all mineral acids, the acidic 'H' is the first (left) letter in the formukla. (HNO3)

For carboxylic acids , the Acidic 'H' is the last(right) letter in the formula. (CH3COOH).

To answer your question.

HNO3 + KOH = KNO3 + H2O

In words

Nitric Acid + Potassium Hydroxide) = potassium nitrate + water. 74

NB Do not confuse with the positions in a formula for hydrogen and oxygen.

**H**A = Mineral acid ( Sulphurioc Acid [ H2SO4)

M**OH** = Hydroxide ( Lithium hydroxide [ LiOH)

R-COOH = Carboxylic Acid. ( Ethanoic (Acetic) Acid [ CH3COOH)

These are the correct arrangements for the elemental symbols 'H'& 'O' as per the International IUPAC Standard.

Yes it is! My husband use TRAMADOL HCL CA 50MG but also has the 100MG. One is short acting and the other is a longer acting medication.

When taking our German Shepherd to the vet they wrote out the medication instructions for the TRAMADOL 100MG and also GABAPENTIN unsure of the specific MG. Another visit they gave us Prednisone which I use . When we got home I checked all of her ones against the ones we humans use, suffice to say don’t pay the triple price at the vets , check your own medication.

Pure tramadol HCl does not contain contain cocaine, as tramadol and cocaine are two different substances. However, it is possible that something sold on the street might contain a mixture of these two chemicals.

The alkaline earth metal that constitutes Grignard reagents is magnesium. Grignard reagents are organomagnesium compounds, typically represented as R-MgX, where R is an organic group and X is a halogen. These reagents are highly reactive and are commonly used in organic synthesis to form carbon-carbon bonds.

A (Chemical) SAlt & Water.

Here are the acid reactions.

Acid + Base = Salt + Water

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen

Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide.

NB An Alkali is a soluble base.

Sulphuric acid turns blue litmus paper red, indicating its acidic nature.

Metal oxide is the ionic bond combination of any metal element of the periodic table of elements with oxygen. The alkali metals and alkali earth metals are respectively the first and second columns of elements found on the periodic table. Thus, alkali metal oxides and earth metal oxides are types of metal oxides, but metal oxide does not imply alkali.

The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or basicity and is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration (( \text{H}_3\text{O}^+ )): ( \text{pH} = -\log[\text{H}_3\text{O}^+] ). In pure water, the concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions (( \text{OH}^- )) are equal, each at ( 1 \times 10^{-7} ) M, resulting in a neutral pH of 7. As the concentration of hydronium ions increases, the pH decreases (indicating acidity), while an increase in hydroxide ion concentration leads to a higher pH (indicating basicity). The relationship between these ions is governed by the ion product of water (( K_w = [\text{H}_3\text{O}^+][\text{OH}^-] = 1 \times 10^{-14} ) at 25°C).

HC2H3O?

This is normally written as

CH3-CHO , which is the aldebyde 'Ethan**al**'.

Aldehydes have their functional group written as R-CHO / This is to compase with acids 'R-COOH'. and alcohols 'R-CH2OH'. Note the arrangement of the carbon , hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the formulae.

NB It is NOT an Alcohol.

Acid; Ethanoic (Acetic) Acid

Alkali(Base) ; Potassium hydroxide.

neutralisation. of Acid + Alkali = Salt + water.

Ethanoic(Acetic) Acid + potassium hydroxide = potassium ethanoate(acetate) + water.

CH3COOH + KOH = CH3COO^(-)K^(+) + H2O

NB Acetic Acid is the old , everyday name for Ethanoic Acid.

It depends on the concentration of the base added. If very dilute, the pH will be slightly greater than 7 and if quite concentrated, the pH can be as high as 14.

Note: If the solution is acidic, the pH will be less than 7. (Pure water has pH = 7)