Challenger and Columbia Disasters

During re-entry, the Columbia space shuttle was pulled apart because a hole in the wing caused by falling foam at lift-off allowed the extreme heat of the re-entry process to enter the wing structure and warp it. This destabilized the shuttle and it disintegrated from the enormous forces at high velocity. All seven crew members died.

Approximately 85,000 pieces of debris were housed in the Columbia Debris Hangar near the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center. This represented 38 percent of Columbia. Recovered pieces were identified and positioned on an outline of the orbiter. After this, pieces were available to scientific researchers around the world.

No, a space station is a large artificial structure in space where astronauts live and work for extended periods of time, while a space shuttle is a spacecraft that is used to transport astronauts and cargo to and from space. Space shuttles have been retired by NASA, while space stations like the ISS are still operational.

Foam fell from the external tank during the launch. The foam struck the shuttles wing on the leading edge and punched a suitcase sized hole in it. During the reentry, hot plasma rushed into the hole and began to melt the structure of the shuttle from the inside out. This made the shuttle eventually go out of control and it broke apart in the atmosphere.

Scientific ocean exploration began in the 19th century, which used wooden sailing ships. The HMS Challenger was originally a British warship outfitted with ammunition and an engine capable of over 1,200 horsepower. Lets start with the HMS. H stands for His/Her, M stands for Majesty's, and S stands for Ship.

{{HMS(His/Her Majesty's Ship)}}

Earlier in this answer I mentioned that the challenger was originally a warship. I searched the encyclopedia for the part about 'challenger', it was named challenger because it challenged to go explore, research, or (in the case of war) challenge it's opponents. The 'll' because it was the second challenger ship.

Citations:

www.marianatrench.com

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/challenger/challenger.html

My all knowing dad:)

The crew members on board the space shuttle Challenger when it exploded on January 28, 1986, were Francis R. Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, Gregory Jarvis, and Christa McAuliffe.

The Challenger explosion was caused by the failure of a rubber O-ring seal in one of the solid rocket boosters, which allowed hot gases to escape and ultimately led to the structural failure of the external fuel tank and the explosion of the shuttle. This failure was attributed to the unusually cold temperatures at the time of launch, which affected the flexibility and sealing of the O-rings.

The space shuttle Challenger blew up apon leaving the launch pad because of a frozen o-ring, and the space shuttle Columbia blew up upon rentry because of a broken heat-shield.

Pieces of the space shuttle Columbia were found across eastern Texas and Louisiana after it disintegrated during re-entry on February 1, 2003. The largest concentration of debris was found in Nacogdoches, Texas, where recovery efforts were focused.

The space shuttle is protected from burning up during re-entry by its heat shield, made of materials that can withstand the intense heat generated by friction with the Earth's atmosphere. This heat shield dissipates the heat away from the shuttle, allowing it to safely re-enter the Earth's atmosphere without burning up.

The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded over the Atlantic Ocean on January 28, 1986. All seven astronauts aboard the shuttle were killed.

The Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986, had a profound impact on space travel history as it led to a 32-month hiatus in the Space Shuttle program. The accident prompted significant changes in NASA's safety protocols, organizational culture, and communication practices to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. It also raised awareness about the risks and challenges associated with human spaceflight.

They were found in the crew cabin on the Atlantic Ocean floor off the coast of Florida.

During the launch of Columbia, foam from the external fuel tank had hit the orbiter's underside. Unknown to anyone at the time, it had punctured a hole in one of the insulating tiles on the wing. Although it was known that foam had hit Colombia, it was deemed to not have been sufficient to cause serious damage.

As the orbiter with its crew of seven were re-entering the atmosphere, the heat generated by the re-entry caused warping of the orbiter's wing frame which affected the stability of the shuttle. Eventually all control was lost and forces pulled the orbiter apart above Texas. Commander Rick Husband and Pilot Willie McCool bravely fought to control the shuttle manually in the seconds before all were killed. Much of the orbiter was recovered in pieces on the ground and provided useful information in determining the cause.

Yes, the remains of all seven astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia were found following the tragic disintegration of the shuttle upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003. The investigation recovered personal effects and human remains which were returned to their families for burial.

There were seven astronauts on the Columbia. They were Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown and Laurel Clark.

The Canadarm is a robotic arm used on the space shuttles to manipulate payloads and assist astronauts during space missions. It can be used to deploy and retrieve satellites, capture spacecraft, or perform maintenance tasks outside of the space shuttle.

The star clock was invented to track the movement of stars and other celestial bodies across the night sky, allowing people to tell the time at night before the invention of mechanical clocks. It was used by ancient civilizations for navigation, astrology, and timekeeping.

The cost of an O-ring for the space shuttle Challenger would have been relatively inexpensive, likely in the range of a few dollars to produce. However, the failure of the O-ring led to the catastrophic Challenger explosion and subsequent loss of seven crew members. The true cost of not ensuring the safety and reliability of the O-rings was immeasurable in terms of human life and impact on the space program.

During the launch of Columbia sixteen days before the disaster, a 2 1/2 pound and 20 inch piece of foam from the external fuel tank fell and hit the orbiter on the leading edge of the left wing. It caused a hole in the carbon-carbon protective tiles designed to prevent re-entry heat damaging the shuttle. Falling foam is not an unusual occurrence during launches. However, this piece was larger and struck the orbiter exactly at one of the critical points which heat the most during entry interface with the atmosphere. There was concern at the time from video footage of the launch that the orbiter had been struck, but Commander Rick Husband was assured by officials that it posed no danger.

There have been over 100 space flights since the Challenger tragedy in 1986, including missions to the International Space Station, commercial flights, and scientific research missions. These missions have marked significant advancements in space exploration and technology.

Many improvements were made before the space shuttle fleet were allowed to return to flight. Among them were the following:

* shuttles no longer carried commercial payloads.

* the schedule was reduced to allow more time between launches.

* the solid rocket boosters were redesigned.

* establishment of the Office of Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance (this was deemed to have not been entirely successful in its long-term effects in the light of the Columbia disaster).

Enterprise, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, Endeavor

During the launch of Columbia, foam from the external fuel tank had hit the orbiter's underside. Unknown to anyone at the time, it had punctured a hole in one of the insulating tiles on the wing. Although it was known that foam had hit Colombia, it was deemed to not have been sufficient to cause serious damage.

As the orbiter with its crew of seven were re-entering the atmosphere, the heat generated by the re-entry caused warping of the orbiter's wing frame which affected the stability of the shuttle. Eventually all control was lost and forces pulled the orbiter apart above Texas. Commander Rick Husband bravely fought to control the shuttle manually in the seconds before all were killed.