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Circuits

Overachieving and under-appreciated, circuits are the foundation that our technological society is built on. Now's your chance to find out not only how they work, but why. Questions regarding the physics behind voltage, resistance, capacitance, inductance, transistors, LEDs, switches, and power supplies; and how they're used to create analog and digital circuits, should be directed here.

1,646 Questions

How much voltage comes from the pole to the house?

240 volts from the secondary side of the transformer to your house

What is the difference between the E12 and E24 resistor series?

E12 ( 10%): 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82

E24 ( 5%): 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30

33 36 39 43 47 51 56 62 68 75 82 91

The basic difference is that the E24 have "extra" values between those of the E12. It's roughly midway between the E12 points. They're more expensive too.

There's also an E6- it runs:

10 15 22 33 47 68

At the top end there's an E192- wildly expensive but extremely accurate. They're used in life-critical systems or super accurate industrial machines.

Is electric current a form of voltage?

No, electric current is the rate at which electrons flow in a conductor.

The voltage is what makes the electrons move. They have different units of measurement

It's a bit confusing and a bit of a cheat really

Electrons are measured in units called Coulombs. And one coulomb is the number of electrons passing when a current of one ampere (amp) is said to be flowing for one second. One coulomb is a lot of electrons about six million million million of them in fact. If a current of one ampere) is flowing for one second. all these guys will be passing by.

We like to think they are moving at the speed of light as when we flick the switch hey presto we can see the light.

However the electron in the Coulomb gang are a bit like Mario and they are all over the place and really each electron only move about a quarter of a millimeter in that same second.

So how come we see the light go on straight away? Well that the cheat. Electrons in a wire are packed in so if we add on in at one end we push one out at the other.
so for the Coulomb gangs if one gang is moving (because of the voltage - which we haven't come to yet) one gang is moving out.

Now if the current is an alternating current - because it's been made to behave that way because of an alternating voltage was made at the power station - our coulomb gangs are not moving very far at all. In fact in England the current coming into our houses is alternating backwards and forwards at about 50 cycles/second. So in that second the Coulomb gang - all six million million million of them making up our current of one amp go backwards and forwards about a quarter of a millimetre 50 times/second.

Getting back to your voltage.

Voltage is also known as potential difference or an old name is electron moving force and this is the condition we create at the power station or in a battery or through static electricity by creating a positive and negative choice for our electrons.

There are two common important relationships between voltage and current.

Power measured in watts = volts x amps

Resistance measured in ohms = volts/amps.

I could go on forever but remember you can't really have current without volts and you can't really have volts without current. The way they relate to each other depends on where we are and what we are doing.

Hope this helps

Alex Houghton - ancient science teacher Chorley England.

Why do electric circuits have to be complete?

if they're not then the circuit will not work and it won't be able to power wat u want it to power for example a lightbulb.it will be an open circuit

When a network has 10 nodes and 17 branches in all then the number of node pair voltages would be?

Answer #1 . . . . . 9

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Answer #2:

You're asking how many ways I could attach a voltmeter to the circuit

and measure the voltage between two nodes.

The first point could be any one of the 10 nodes.

The second point could be any one of the 9 remaining nodes.

So there are (10 x 9) = 90 ways to connect my voltmeter.

But for each one, there's another one that's just the same two points

but with opposite polarity.

So there are 90/2 = 45 distinct different pairs of nodes.

The number of branches in the circuit is irrelevant.

This question is the electronic version of the old handshake puzzle.

Do ceiling fans have a capacitor?

Yes! Ofcourse:) it's just above the motor:) it is in cylindrical form

How is the total current in a parallel circuit worked out?

You add up the currents in each branch. The current in each branch is just

(voltage acrossd the parallel circuit)/(resistance of that branch) .

==================================== If you'd rather do it the more elegant way, then . . .

-- Write down the reciprocal of the resistance of each branch.

-- Add up the reciprocals.

-- Take the reciprocal of the sum. The number you have now is the

'effective' resistance of the parallel circuit ... the single resistance

that it looks like electrically.

-- The total current through the parallel circuit is

(voltage acrossd the parallel circuit)/(effective resistace of the parallel circuit) .

What is the use of force notifier files in gate level simulation of digital circuits?

The notifier is the value in the specify block that is triggered to possibly cause X output from library cells (gates). This triggering occurs when you have a timing violation. So when we want that the particular flop should not drive X on the timing violation we generally force its corresponding notifier to '1' or '0' so that it wont propagate X

What is monolithic ADC?

a monolithic ADC is an integrator-based analog-to-digital converter. Simply put, the input voltage signal is integrated, compared to a reference voltage, and converted into a digital representation. The integrator uses a reference capacitor (hence monolithic i imagine), which is chosen depending on the bandwidth of the input signal.

Don't take my word for it, see for yourself. The ICL7135 for example is a monolithic ADC with 4 and 1/2 digits BCD output.

What voltage is required to pass 0.5 A of current through a 4.5-W BULB?

9 volts

====================

The question is a bit convoluted.

The power dissipated by the bulb and the current through it
both depend on the voltage applied across it.

In the real world, the way to ask this question would have to be:

If a light bulb dissipates 4.5 W of power when 0.5 A of current
passes through it, what voltage has been applied across it ?
(And, for extra credit, what is the bulb's effective resistance ?)

Advantage of double circuit distribution line?

1. initial cost is low

2. reduce the loss by reducing the resistance

What is a device that protects an electric network by automatically opening a circuit when the current grows too strong?

Circuit breakers and fuses are both devices that protect an electric network by

automatically opening a circuit when the current exceeds a predetermined level.

What is transient response in circuit analysis?

transient response is due to exponential behaviour and its die with time,its not permanent.

Where would you get alternating current?

You can manufacture your own alternating current, using an oscillator and amplifier

capable of outputting significant power. But it's a lot easier to just get it from one

of the electrical outlets in your house, since that's what the utility company generates

and distributes.

How do you increase the brightness of a blub in a simple circuit?

Brightness can increased by increasing current flowing through the bulb, but current can be increased only indirectly, by

1. Increasing the Voltage across the bulb

2. Reducing the Resistance of the bulb.

Brightness is proportional to Heat energy used/produced, which is = I*I*R*T

I= Current

R=Resistance

T= Time