Civil Engineering

Advantages of Theodolite

Greater accuracy

Internal magnifying optical system

Horizontal circle can b instantly zeroed r set 2 any other value

Calculate cross sectional area of 10mm bar amd 8mm bar, then divide them and you will get the no. of bars.

For Eg. - Area of 10mm bar = 78.53 sq.mm

Area of 8mm bar = 50.26 sq.mm

No. of 8mm bars in replacement for 10mm bar = 1.562 bars [ theoritical]

In practical u'll provide 2-8mm bars.

2.27526991 bar ==

Civil engineers head up civil projects and design and approve the final results. A 4 year university degree from an accredited Engineering College is required, and engineers must become accredited as professionals before they can work on their own without another professional engineer's supervision. They learn and apply science and math theory to design, manage projects, and ultimately take full responsibility for a final projects success or failure in the field. Civil engineering technologists assist the engineers in various aspects of the design process including computer aided drafting (CAD) for blueprints and layouts of the engineer's design. They could also be required to survey the potential location of a project, or set up various monitoring or analysis equipment required for the design or construction of the project. Finally, they could assist in the actual construction process of the project (depending on the nature of the project). Engineering technologists are required to obtain a diploma from a certified technologist school or institute. They learn the practical aspects of certain proecedures required for the completion of civil design projects.

One disadvantage of a beam bridge is that they can be costly to build. Beam bridges can use cheap materials like concrete, but need to be supported with other materials that are expensive like steel mesh.

• The specific gravity of portland pozzolana cement is 3.15.
• The specific gravity test can be done on cement using the bottle method.
• In this method instead of water kerosene is used to test the specific gravity of cement.
  

the ability of a structure simple or complex (bridge?) to maintain its entegrity without failure for a designed length of time when placed under stress. a gravel road that could handle cars but not semis. maximum weight to an object without failure.i

To satisfy the ASTM standard requirements for normal consistency of cement: The Amount of Water that brings the cement paste to standard condition should vary between 22% to 30% by weight of dry cement.

Variations are a common feature of building projects.

The client or client's agent has the right to alter the designs or specifications to the build and the contractor is entitled to charge for these alterations if he is instructed to carry out these variations/extras. Be aware, that there will be additional costs incurred if scaffolding for example has to be altered or hired for longer durations, as a result of these changes. The contractor is also entitled to an extension of time on to the original time frame and the adjustment to the next stage payments to reflect these variations will be affected. It is best practice for the contractor to flag these issues and to explain to the client or agent how these variations will affect the original contract price and time scale once the variations have been suggested so that everyone is kept in the loop.

Note that a variation can also mean that the cost may be reduced to reflect this, if an item is omitted or specification is reduced from the original.

Characteristic Strength is a term used regionally in order to describe the engineering strength of a material. In other words, the Characteristic Strength is the strength of a material (i.e. steel, concrete, etc.) which has been established by a testing and standards body such that, statistically, a defined percentage of material samples, when tested, exhibit strength at or above the characteristic value. This Characteristic Strength is then used by engineers and designers as the material design strength. In the case of steel or other ductile materials which exhibit post-yielding strength, the characteristic strength generally refers to the material elastic response only.

Brass and bronze brazing alloys typically melt at temperatures from 1500 degrees F to 2000 degrees F. Silver brazing alloys melt at temperatures as low as 1145 degrees F. Nickel silver brazing alloys melt at temperatures around 1200 degrees F, but can be worked up to 1750 degrees F.

correpsion is very important in our lyf..........

Engineers are field specific i.e. Electrical ,mechanical, civil etc. but they use some basic tools and some specific tools. most of them are Software based tools.

e.g

Electrical - MATLAB, OCTAVE, PSPICE , STEP7, C++(lang), Microcontroller, Arduino , Digital multimeter, microcontroller burner, etc

Mechanical- AutoCAD, ProE, MATLAB, etc

Civil - AutoCAD, Pro E, surveying tools, MATLAB, etc.

The grade of the concrete means the concrete compression resistance after 28 days. It is done in Newtons per square millimetre. A concrete of Grade C30 means that the concrete will have a compresion resistance (withstanding a compression) of 30 N/mm2 per square millimetre in 28 days.

Burj Khalifa is the Tallest structure on Earth Situated in Dubi

High yeild strength deformed bars.

The characteristic strength of these bars are higher than mild steel.

When cement is mixed with water, it forms slurry which gradually becomes less plastic with the passage of time & finally a hard mass is obtained. In this process, at a certain stage when the cement paste is sufficiently rigid to withstand a definite amount of Pressure, it is said to have set & the time required to reach this stage is termed as "setting time".

0.62 kg/m is the unit weight of 10 mm dia, and you use the thumb rule for all other dia

unit weight per metre = d*d/162

where- d is dia of bar/rod in mm

get some hot macadam- jam it into the pothole, tamp it. done.

The preparation or introduction of Sieve Analysis a sample of the aggregate must be obtained from the source. The aggregate, the total weight is required. it should be mixed thoroughly and then reduced to a suitable size for testing in order to prepare the sample.

A point of contra flexure occurs where the bending moment in a beam changes its sign (i.e. from +ve to -ve or -ve to +ve) So, obviously at the point of contraflexure the bending moment is zero. But note that the bending moment can be zero without changing its sign. So, at the point of contraflexure the bending moment has to be zero and the bending moment must change its sign as well.

PCC in construction refers to Plain Cement Concrete, which is used as a preparatory base for laying RCC footing.

Though PCC is also concrete, this is lean in nature, the ratio being 1:4:8. The compressive strength achieved with this mix is normally 7.5kN/sq.mm.