Civil Engineering

0.62 kg/m is the unit weight of 10 mm dia, and you use the thumb rule for all other dia

unit weight per metre = d*d/162

where- d is dia of bar/rod in mm

get some hot macadam- jam it into the pothole, tamp it. done.

The preparation or introduction of Sieve Analysis a sample of the aggregate must be obtained from the source. The aggregate, the total weight is required. it should be mixed thoroughly and then reduced to a suitable size for testing in order to prepare the sample.

A point of contra flexure occurs where the bending moment in a beam changes its sign (i.e. from +ve to -ve or -ve to +ve) So, obviously at the point of contraflexure the bending moment is zero. But note that the bending moment can be zero without changing its sign. So, at the point of contraflexure the bending moment has to be zero and the bending moment must change its sign as well.

PCC in construction refers to Plain Cement Concrete, which is used as a preparatory base for laying RCC footing.

Though PCC is also concrete, this is lean in nature, the ratio being 1:4:8. The compressive strength achieved with this mix is normally 7.5kN/sq.mm.

Main difference between local and overall buckling related to distortion of the overall system geometry. Local buckling does not cause distortion of the overall geometry, usually local buckling seems on short (channel or angle) compression members (excessive loaded and material related problem). On the other hand overall buckling causes distortion, we can give example as plastic ruler compressed by fingers . There is equation on buckling developed by Euler.

mores

concrete (cement) cures with age, well at least up to a point.

think of breaking up the concrete slab that was cast yesterday evening, versus a concrete slab that is a year old.

the optimum strenght of concrete (maximum strenght it is assumed to reach) is statistically reached after 28 days, if proper and adequate curing took place, and normal working / exposure conditions and control of quality took place. Curing is basically protection against severe exposures as draft winds that may cause cracking, and keeping the surface moist over the 7 days, by covering it with DPC plastic or regular sprinkling with water.

after only 7 days of curing, the 28 day strenght can be accurately predicted to determine if it will pass the requirements.

after 7 days (I have also seen 24hrs samples) a cube sample is crushed to determine the 7 day crushing strength. this sample was then cast at the same time as the structure being assessed.

the 7 day strenght is measured in Mega Pascals (Mpa) or equivalent units Kilo Newton per square millimeter (kN/mm2) and really depends on the application the concrete is used for:

walkways will probably be 10Mpa

single storey building footings and floor slabs, say 15Mpa

floor slabs where vehicles may drive could be even 35Mpa.

Suspended slabs, like first floor slabs etc, say 40Mpa.

precast concrete

manufactring the members of construction out site - using concret material-

3 KG / Meter

The ratios of cement to sand to aggregate for the different grades of concrete are as follows. M10 has a ratio of 1:3:6. M15 has a ratio of 1:2:4. M20 has a ratio of 1:1.5:3. M25 has a ratio of 1:1:2, but M30 has no set ratio. It is a designed mixture to achieve the stress tolerance desired.

It all depends on the type and sizes of the steel used. It also depends on the load that the concrete has to take at certain points. 7865kg is the weight of a cubic meter of steel.

Typical examples;

A pile cap could contain 400kg/m3

A heavy duty industrial slab or structure could contain 200kg-400kg/m3

A footpath could contain 40kg/m3

(all depends on the design, but numbers above should give you a rough answer)

The Atterberg limits of a soil are used as an integral part of several engineering classification systems to characterize fine-grained soils. Also these limits are used directly in specifications for controlling soil for use in fills, and in semi-empirical methods of design. A wide variety of engineering properties of soils have also been correlated to the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils (i.e. Compressibility, Permeability, and Strength).

Stiffness is defined as the ratio of load per unit deformation.

Silt is used to build bricks, grow crops, make sedimentary rocks and concrete.Silt is also very thin and can be mistaken by sand.

Apexvs.

The sewage system in a neighborhood

Deformed steel bar is more commonly known as reinforcing bar, or rebar. These steel bars are imbedded in concrete to provide tensile strength. Smooth bars are run through rollers which "deform" the bar thereby adding ribs. The ribs provide a mechanical bond between the steel bars and the surrounding concrete.

what do you mean by frost line frost will penetrate up to three feet in the dead of winter if that is what you are asking.

The only certain application of Bernoulli's Theorem I know is in the Bernoulli's Theorem experiment in college. All other examples are in my opinion a restatement of Newtons Laws, a missinterpretation of results or a failure to fully understand what is physically happening such as in the fallacy that lift in an aerofoil is due to BT. Bernoulli's Theorem is used by the Fire Brigade to calculate velocity and range of different types of fire-fighting equipment. Going hand-in-hand with the Venturi effect, it help to calculate reach and pressure required to obtain that reach during fire-fighting operations. Example: A pump supplies 6kW of energy to the water flowing thorugh a 45mm hose. If the water flows 25m vertically and through a 25mm branch at a rate of 480l/min, use Bernoulli's equation to find pressure at the branch.

GTS benchmark is called Great trigometical survey benchmark.

its position is decided by survey of India department.

it RL is decided with reference to MEAN SEA LEVEL.

no of benchmark, position and location is given in catalogue of survey of India department.

There is an old joke: "What's the difference between civil and mechanical engineers? Mechanical engineers build weapons -- civil engineers build targets." Yuck yuck. In reality civil engineering involves the design and construction of buildings, roadways, bridges, railroads, water supply, drainage, and sewers. Sometimes this is referred to as "infrastructure" Usually these are larger things that have a long service life. Mechanical engineering deals with machinery -- automobiles, trucks, machine tools, engines, pumps, and things of that nature -- including weapons. Typically it involves shorter service life, smaller size (although there are some Really Big machines out there!) and more precision.