Computer Networking

IGRP and RIPv1

Layer 2

Two equipments of the same type - two computers, two routers, two switches - should be connected with a crossover cable.

Downward multiplexing refers to distributing a single signal across multiple channels.

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The network device that connect multiple networks that use the same protocol is a ROUTER.

One - and it doesn't necessarily have to be a public IP address. Then you share this single IP address over the entire network, with NAT.

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Layer 2 is divided into the LLC and MAC sublayers.

The protocol field, in the IP header, identifies what kind of data is in the IP packet - the upper-layer protocol. For example, if the code is 6, that means that the data is a TCP segment.

Virtual Circuit is Created. Each circuit is known by its DLCI. i.e. Data Link Connection Identifier.

It simply tests whether the TCP/IP stack is correctly installed.

2

A hub will repeat an incoming signal through all its ports, except the port where the signal came in.

Hub

The main part of an optical fiber is a glass fiber (NOT hollow) within another glass fiber of another type of glass. Both types of glass have a different index of refraction; the signal travels through the inner glass fiber.

a. Routers are more expensive than bridges.

b. Routers operate at the first three-layers; bridges operates at the first two layers.

Routers are not designed to provide direct filtering the way the bridges do. A

router needs to search a routing table which is normally longer and more time

consuming than a filtering table.

c. A router needs to decapsulate and encapsulate the frame and change physical

addresses in the frame because the physical addresses in the arriving frame

define the previous node and the current router; they must be changed to the

physical addresses of the current router and the next hop. A bridge does not

change the physical addresses. Changing addresses, and other fields, in the

frame means much unnecessary overhead.

In a controlled access method, the whole available bandwidth belongs to the station that is granted permission either by a central authority or by other stations. In a channelization method, the available bandwidth is divided between the stations. If a station does not have data to send the allocated channel remains idle

Network Portion

Host Portion

The advantage of MAC addressing is that there is no attachment cost to devices that connect to the network. Its disadvantage, on the other hand, include easy spoofing due to the broadcast nature of the Ethernet.

direct connection (EDI) requires each business in the network to operate its own on-site EDI translator computer. Most companies use the service of a value-added network such as VANs that provides communications equipments, software, and skills needed to receive, store, and forward electronic messages that contain EDI transactions set.

the main difference is that indirect connection pass message through the VANs instead of connecting their computers directly to each other.

ping uses the ICMP protocol.