Copernicus

Newton

Copernicus is credited for hypothesizing the heliocentric solar system. Kepler had the equations to determine the orbits, but didn't know "why" these figures worked. Galileo's observations confirmed these things, but it was Newton's laws of motion that explained the "why."

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Ptolemy and Copernicus' ideas about the universe are different from each other in the sense that Ptolemy thought that every celestial object as well as the sun and the moon orbited the Earth whereas Copernicus had the thought that all planets orbited the Sun, while the Moon orbited the Earth.

Copernicus looked at the planet's movements among the fixed stars, and the Ptolemaic model from ancient times, and considered that it would be simpler to put the Sun at the centre because the paths of the inner planets could be described more simply.

Copernicus model of 1543 used a system of circles and epicycles, as the ancient model had. For the inner planets Copernicus's model used considerably smaller epicycles, so that Mercury, Venus and Mars followed paths that were less convoluted.

Both models described the planets' movements reasonably accurately and there was no way of deciding which was right. But Copernicus's idea of placing the Sun at the centre led Kepler to his model of 1609 which used the new idea of elliptical orbits, which is the model used today.

Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 was a Polish priest and astronomer who created an alternative model of the planets which put the Sun at the centre, instead of the Earth as generally accepted at that time.
He knew it would get him into trouble with the church, and his book 'De Revolutionibus' was not published until the year he died. The theory with the Sun at the centre was similar to the old Ptolemaic system with its collection of circles and epicycles allowing for the changes in distance and the changes in planets' speeds, and their departure from the ecliptic.

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestis (English: On the revolutions of heavenly spheres).

Galileo's telescopic observations of the 4 large moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus helped support the heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Copernicus. Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. In contrast, the geocentric model of Ptolemy predicted that only crescent and new phases would be seen since Venus was thought to remain between the Sun and Earth during its orbit around the Earth. Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus proved that it orbited the Sun and lent support to (but did not prove) the heliocentric model.

Charles Darwin attended the University of Edinburgh in 1825 at the age of 16, where he studied medicine. He later transferred to the University of Cambridge in 1828 to study theology.

Copernicus was correct in believing in the heliocentric model of the Solar System, which said the planets rotated round the sun. Ptolemy accepted the traditional geocentric view which had the Earth at the centre of the Solar System.

Copernicus put forth a theory that the sun was the center of the Universe and that the Earth revolved around the sun. He also said that the Earth spins on an axis completing one rotation daily.

The revolutionary theory Nicolaus Copernicus published in 1543 was the Heliocentric model of the solar system. Published in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. The book wasn't published until Copernicus was on his deathbed because of the outrage he expected his theory to cause.

No physical theory is completely correct, because measurements always have a built-in error that you hope is small. But Copernicus's theory explaining in detail how the planets move was accurate enough for its time and was only found lacking later when observational techniques became sufficiently refined to show its errors.

In modern times we have better theories for planetary orbits but Copernicus's general idea that all the planets orbit round the Sun is now generally accepted since Newton's theoretical discoveries, which were applied to showed that the Sun is far more massive than anything else in the solar system.

Through his observation Galileo watched the motions of the planets and the sun. Using triginometry and geometry, he flat out knew that the earth could not be a stationary body. He also knew that the Earth could not be the center of the universe. The math told him otherwise. This was in direction contridiction of church doctrine and more in line with the helocentric theory that Copernicus came up with.

Also the phases of Venus that he observed could only be possible if the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun.He also discovered 4 of Jupiter's moons. This showed that there were objects revolving around other planets and not everything revolved around the earth

It did not help the universe at all but it did help us in the continuing efforts to understand the universe.

Copernicus

Some intellectuals and others accepted it as explaining things like planets going retrograde (appearing to move backwards in their orbits). The Catholic Church was not fond of it; they followed Ptolemy's teaching that the Earth was the center of all things, and explained that humanity was likewise at the center of God's thoughts. The idea of a different center to things upset their worldview. (During the Twentieth Century, the Church apologized for its earlier treatment of Copernicus, Galileo, and other discoverers.)

That the earth revolved around the sun, rather than the reverse. Copernicus was a catholic priest and at the time the church taught that the sun revolved around the earth. So to avoid controversy, he claimed that his idea was just to simplify a number of astronomical calculations. It was Galileo that established the heliocentric system and was forced to retract of be tortured.

Not really. At the time, part of the Roman Catholic church's doctrine was that Man and the Earth were God's only and greatest creation, and therefore the center of the Universe. Copernicus was the nephew of and ambassador for a Roman Catholic Bishop at the time he was formulating his theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. It seems to have been viewed with mild surprise by then Pope Paul III. Questions of heresy don't seem to have come up until Giovanni Tolosani listed his ideas, among many others, as subversive to the absolute truth of Scripture. This criticism doesn't seem to have amounted to much excitement until Galilieo's battles with the Church.

Copernicus' theory was that the earth was in the centre of the universe, not the sun. The pope was annoyed because it was a new theory which he didn't believe. Improvement by acousticlove7494: Copernicus came up with the heliocentric theory, which is the theory that the sun is the center of the universe. It is a legend that he had a massive stroke and woke up from a loss of consciousness to see his newly published book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in his hands. He died not long after that, in May of 1543, and it was a peaceful death, for he knew that his belief had been released into the world. Copernicus did not suffer much persecution, if any, while he was alive, but his name and reputation suffered a beating after his death until it was proven right by Galileo and his new invention, the telescope. The pope did not like Copernicus' far-fetched idea, and even John Calvin and Martin Luther thought it was foolish and spoke out against it strongly. Basically, the people of those days, although they loved to learn, did not feel open to new ideas. If you said that a belief was wrong that other people felt sure about, you would most likely be persecuted and heavily criticized. Feeling pressure, the Catholic Church placed Copernicus' book on the forbidden list and banned its teachings in about 1650. The ban wasn't released until 1822! This is an example of how you can be persecuted for new ideas, no matter how accurate they are, but still, it could change history!

He was revolutionary man, demolishing the geocentric theory (it was a struggle) and building the heliocentric theory. The geocentric theory states that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. The heliocentric theory says that the Sun was at the centre of the universe. Neither is correct, but the heliocentric one was closer, way closer.
He came up with theories to better society

The theory was published in a famous book entitled (in Latin): 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium', which means, 'On the revolutions of the orbs of the heavens'.

No they believed it was a bowl shape. they thought the water would fall out.

He revolutionized astronomy with his ideas about the heliocentric universe, he also published a book about the orbits of the planets and his ideas about the heliocentric universe

Galileo scientific attitude is observe how the planet revolves and also he make the different kind telescope in the world so that we now understand how the galilio galie make them the telescope and now we use them in our work.