Database Programming

Because i'm smart and your not i will tell you the answer it helps people find data and it updates it and it can tell you anything and updates anything with in seconds

Basic Characteristics of DBMS

• Represents complex relationship between data
• Controls data redundancy.
• Enforces user defined rules.
• Ensures data sharing.
• It has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures.
• It has central dictionary to store information.
• Pertaining to data and its manipulation.
• It has different interfaces via which user can manipulate the data.
• Enforces data access authorization.

It depends how it was compressed Any files I compress I can decompress by simply right-clicking and selecting 'Extract all'

A row of a table in relational model is known as tuple - is the easy answer. A tuple is a collection of elements that relate to one another : T = R(e1, e2, ... , en). One can view a collection of similar relations, R, as a table, where the elements of same category are projected underneath one another, and ordered as is suited for the table view. When implementing a relational database, the tuples can be spread all over in a way that suits those that make the storage system, and enables fast retrieval and manipulation of them. So, unless you specify the sorting - "Collating Sequence" of the table, you can expect a new ordering every time you view the table. The elements in the relations are bound together in the same way as rows in a table - but some relations may have more elements - "columns" and really belong to other tables - but is "projected" into the view you see as a table.

A functional dependency occurs between two attributes in a database, A and B, if there exists a relationship such that for each value of A there is only one corresponding value of B (A -> B). This can be extended to a functional dependency where A may be a set of tuples (x, y, z) that correspond to a single value B ([x, y, z] -> B). In simple mathematical terms the functional dependency must pass the vertical line test for proper functions. Normalization of a relational database means that the relations (tables) in the database conform to a set of rules for a certain normal form (First - Sixth Normal Form [1-6NF] and/or Boyce-Codd Normal Form [BCNF]). The higher the normal form of a table the less vulnerable it is to data inconsistency and data anomalies formed during updates, inserts, and deletes. Normalization often reduces data redundancy in a database which reduces data inconsistency and anomaly risks. Normalizing a database requires analysis of the closure of the set of functional dependencies to ensure that the set complies with the rules for the given normal form. If the table does not comply with the rules then the table is split following specific procedures to achieve the desired normal form. Every table in a database has a normal form and to make a statement that a database is in a certain normal form (ex. 3NF) means that every table complies with the rules for 3NF.

A simple key consists of a single attribute to uniquely identify an entity occurrence, for example, a student number, which uniquely identifies a particular student. No two students would have the same student number.

Many to many relationship in DBMS is usually a mirror of the real-life relationship between objects that tables represent.

No, it doesn't comprise any binary or computer language syntax. It simply uses schematic to graphic representation of tables structures and attributes as a mechanism to ease to the design process.

Enforcing Security Constraints in file processing system is very difficult as the application programs are added to the system in an ad-hoc manner.

Structured Query Language, SQL, is used for retrieving and managing data in databases.

A database model is a theory or specification describing how a database is structured and used. Several such models have been suggested. Common models include: * Hierarchical model * Network model * Relational model * Entity-relationship * Object-relational model * Object model A data model is not just a way of structuring data: it also defines a set of operations that can be performed on the data. The relational model, for example, defines operations such as select, project, and join. Although these operations may not be explicit in a particular query language, they provide the foundation on which a query language is built.

to reduce the complexicity of management

The hardware needed to run the dbms

the database dbms shouild meet the orgnisations needs for a short period of time

Basically in isql we use browser and we can also use mouse here. But in sql we use terminal where we cannot use the mouse. Commands syntax are different from each other.

• Numerical filing is best for filing large numbers of records.
• It allows the files of patients with the same or similar names to be distinguished more easily.
• The numerical system provides greater security because reference to a patient's name is avoided

TPS refers to the number of database transactions made per second. MIS or management information system gather relevant data that are from inside and outside of an organization which are then stored in a database. The DSS or decision support system typically gathers inventory data which are organized into relational databases for the purposes of timely analysis.

Microsoft Access is a type of database management program. It offers a graphical user interfaces that one can use to create and manage databases.

TUPLE : Is the "ROW" in a table

A "Relational Database Management System" (RDBMS) is a method of arranging data records such that they have something in common with each other (i.e., they can "relate" to each other in some way) and can be easily accessed in a meaningful way to the person examining that data. A simple RDBMS is a hand-written shopping or to-do list, which may include groceries and/or clothing and/or pet needs and/or stop at a bank and/or doctor's office visit, etc. Although the listed items - - which can be construed as database records - - may have nothing to do with each other, per se, they are all related in that they need to be obtained by the person who wrote the list. In this case, the piece of paper they are recorded on would be considered the "database" (i.e., no computer is necessary), and which might be arranged alphabetically and/or by retailer and/or location, etc, though, in this case, a sequential order of some kind, isn't necessarily important. More complex examples of an RDBMS would be an accountant's spreadsheet of a client's income and expenses, or an insurance agent's actuarial tables, or a telemarketer's "call" list. Typically, such "databases" consist of a variety of information about multiple individuals, include people's names, addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, birthdates, etc. Due to the potentially high number of records, a special computer program might be required to record and sort the data. It is up to the programmer (i.e., the person managing the RDBMS) to code the software (usually utilizing a "Structured Query Language" (SQL)) such that the RDBMS's user (i.e., given the aforementioned list, that would be the accountant, insurance agent, or telemarketer, respectively) can arrange, display, print, and/or use it in a meaningful way (i.e., the user might want lists sorted alphabetically by name and/or city and/or state, and/or numerically by phone area code, etc). A far more complex RDBMS would be used by local, county, state, or national governments, in order to maintain hundreds, thousands, or millions of records on citizens for a variety of purposes, including education, health, security, social welfare, criminal backgrounds, income taxes, etc. Again, both the breadth and complexity of the records would require a well-designed database.

A binary relationship is a type of relationship between the entities, which links to types of entities in it.

Oracle-based human resources management system from PeopleSoft, Inc.

auditing helps to detact error and fraud at an early stage

It also helps management to improve or comeup with better strategies to quality management system .

A data warehouse has multiple functional areas whereby a centralized organizational unit is responsible for implementing it. On the contrary, data marts focus on particular functional areas hence are simple forms of a data warehouse.

table

constraint