Database Programming

Discrete data refers to data that can only take on specific values and cannot be measured along a continuous scale. Examples include the number of pets owned by a family or the outcome of rolling a dice. Discrete data is distinct and separate, rather than being part of a continuous range.

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to interact with databases for tasks like querying, updating, and managing data. iSQL*Plus is an Oracle tool that allows users to run SQL commands and scripts interactively through a web browser. It provides a user-friendly interface for executing SQL queries and managing Oracle databases.

1) complexity is more compared to centralized DBMS

2) It is much more expensive to setup and maintain a DDBMS. More hardware is required the network maintenance is increased the communication costs increase and there will be additional labour costs.

3) It is much more difficult to maintain a secure network system across multiple locations. The network needs to be made secure and access to replicated data needs to be maintained across multiple sites.

4)Integrity control is more difficult

5)Lack of standard

6)lack of experience

7)more complex database design

Metadata provides information about a piece of data, such as its size, format, or author. Attributes, on the other hand, are characteristics or properties of an entity, object, or file that define its features or behavior. In essence, metadata describes the data itself, while attributes describe specific qualities or traits of an entity.

A file management system can typically access records from various storage devices such as hard drives, SSDs, network drives, and cloud storage. These systems are designed to efficiently organize and retrieve files stored in these locations.

No, a record can contain multiple pieces of data about a person or thing. It typically includes information such as name, address, contact details, and any other relevant details associated with the entity being recorded.

Data duplication happens all the time. It is an inevitable phenomenon as millions of data are gathered at very short intervals. A data warehouse is basically a database and having unintentional duplication of records created from the millions of data from other sources can hardly be avoided. In the data warehousing community, the task of finding duplicated records within large databases has long been a persistent problem and has become an area of active research. There have been many research undertakings to address the problems of data duplication caused by duplicate contamination of data. Several approaches have been implemented to counter the problem of data duplication. One approach is manually coding rules so that data can be filtered to avoid duplication. Other approaches include having applications of the latest machine learning techniques or more advance business intelligence applications. The accuracy of the different methods for countering data duplication varies. For very large data collection implementing some of the methods may be too complex and also expensive to be deployed in their full capacity.

Data dictionary is a repository to store all information.

Meta data is data about data. It is data that defines other

data. The data dictionary can be metadata that describes

some information about the database.

Data relevancy refers to the extent to which data is applicable and useful to a particular situation, question, or decision-making process. Relevant data is information that directly contributes to achieving the desired outcome or addressing a specific need, making it crucial for effective analysis and decision-making.

outdated, leading to inaccuracies and inefficiencies in decision-making and operations. Additionally, integrating data across various functional systems can be complex and costly, requiring significant effort and resources.

The DBMS can prevent unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or a subset of it known as a "subschema." For example, in an employee database, some users may be able to view salaries while others may view only work history and medical data.

The scope of a data statement refers to where in the program the data is accessible. It defines the visibility and accessibility of the data within a program, determining which parts of the program can access and manipulate the data. Properly scoping data helps in managing data effectively and preventing unintended side effects.

The three-field system increased agricultural productivity by allowing for more efficient crop rotation, which helped replenish soil nutrients and prevent soil exhaustion. It also provided farmers with a more stable and diverse source of food and income. Additionally, the system reduced the risk of famine by ensuring a more consistent supply of crops.

Relational database stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns. Each row represents a record and each column represents a field within that record. Relationships between tables are established through keys.

Bartlett's theory about schema-driven errors has been criticized for being too vague and lacking empirical evidence to support its claims. Critics argue that the theory oversimplifies complex cognitive processes and may not fully account for individual differences in memory and cognition. Additionally, some researchers suggest that the theory may not adequately explain how schemas are formed and how they influence memory retrieval.

Distributed database is one logical database which is spread out over multiple sites, connected by network. It behaves as it were a single database.

Decentralized databases are a group of independent databases spead out over different locations. They are not connected and do not share updates between each other.

The object that contains all of the database data is typically a database management system (DBMS) such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Oracle. This system stores, organizes, and manages the data in a structured format, allowing users to query and manipulate the information stored within it.

Some disadvantages of using a database management system in school include the initial cost of implementation, potential system complexities that may require specialized training, and the need for ongoing maintenance to ensure system efficiency and accuracy. Additionally, there can be issues related to data security and privacy concerns if not properly managed.

Metadata is the data that describes information: language, who it is for, the source etc.

Attribute data is composed of the attribute name and attribute value for example:

"Color=red" where color is the attribute name and red is the attribute value.

Digitally stored data refers to information that is saved in a digital format on electronic devices such as computers, servers, or other storage media. This data can include documents, images, videos, and any other type of information that can be stored in a digital form for easy access and retrieval.

The third level of the architecture is the internal level. The internal view is a low level representation of the entire database; it consists of many occurrences of each of many types of internal record. "Internal record" is the ANSI/SPARC term for the construct that we have been calling a stored record.

A database object that retrieves specific data from one or more tables is called a query. Queries are used to extract information from databases based on specified criteria and are essential for data manipulation and reporting purposes.