Decade - 1960s

Few people heard of Lev Vygotsky prior to the 1960s primarily due to the political climate in the Soviet Union, where his work was largely overlooked and suppressed after his death in 1934. His theories, which emphasized the social context of learning and the importance of cultural tools, were not widely disseminated outside the USSR until the Cold War era when Western scholars began to explore and translate his ideas. Additionally, the focus of educational psychology during the mid-20th century was predominantly on behaviorism, overshadowing Vygotsky's constructivist approach. It wasn't until the rise of interest in cognitive development and constructivist theories that his contributions gained recognition in the West.

Bellona's bridgegroom refers to the Roman god Mars, the god of war. In mythology, Bellona is often associated with war and battle, and the term signifies the close relationship between Mars and Bellona, highlighting their connection as deities of warfare. Mars was sometimes depicted as her consort, further solidifying their bond in Roman mythology.

At the beginning of the 1960s, fashion was characterized by conservative styles, with tailored suits, modest dresses, and traditional fabrics dominating both men's and women's wardrobes. By the end of the decade, fashion had shifted dramatically, embracing bold colors, psychedelic patterns, and more relaxed silhouettes, reflecting the counterculture movement and a desire for self-expression. The introduction of miniskirts, bell-bottoms, and unisex clothing marked a significant departure from earlier norms, embodying the era's spirit of rebellion and change. This evolution in dress mirrored broader social transformations, including the rise of youth culture and the questioning of societal norms.

In 1968, Arizona was significant for the United States as it experienced a notable political event when the state played a pivotal role in the presidential campaign. The Democratic National Convention took place in Chicago that summer, leading to a surge in political activism across the country, including Arizona. Additionally, the year saw the establishment of the Arizona State University College of Law, marking an expansion of higher education in the state. Overall, 1968 was a year of social and political change, reflecting broader national movements.

In 1960, the average family size in the United States was about 3.67 people per household. This figure reflects the prevalence of larger families during that era, often including multiple children. Factors contributing to this trend included cultural norms favoring larger families and economic conditions that supported raising more children. Over the subsequent decades, family sizes began to decline due to various social and economic changes.

Non-violence was a powerful and strategic approach for achieving equality during the 1960s, as exemplified by the Civil Rights Movement led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr. It aimed to foster empathy and moral accountability among oppressors while uniting marginalized communities. However, some critics argued that non-violence was impractical in the face of systemic violence and oppression, advocating for more militant strategies. Ultimately, both non-violent and more aggressive tactics played roles in advancing civil rights, illustrating the complexity of the struggle for equality.

In the 1960s, the term "nerd" was not widely used in its current context. Instead, the term "geek" was more commonly employed to describe someone who was socially awkward or overly intellectual, often with a focus on technical or scientific interests. The word "nerd" itself gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, evolving to embrace a broader range of enthusiastic, specialized interests.

When Mitch thinks Morrie is "stuck in the 60s," he is referring to Morrie's nostalgic perspective and values that reflect the ideals of that era, such as love, community, and social justice. This sentiment highlights how Morrie prioritizes meaningful connections and emotional depth over modern materialism and rapid technological advancement. It underscores the contrast between Morrie's timeless wisdom and the contemporary world's often superficial concerns.

In the 1960s, the price of a new Chevrolet Corvette typically ranged from around $4,000 to $6,000, depending on the model and options chosen. For example, the base price for a 1963 Corvette was approximately $4,000, while more advanced models with additional features could go for around $6,500. Adjusted for inflation, these prices would be significantly higher today. Collectible models from this era, particularly the 1963 split-window coupe, can now fetch much higher prices in the classic car market.

In the 1960s, nursing requirements primarily included a high school diploma and completion of a nursing diploma program, which typically lasted three years. Some nurses pursued associate or bachelor's degrees, but these were less common. The focus during this time was on practical training in hospitals, and licensing was required in most states through a state board examination. Continuing education and specialization were emerging but not yet widely emphasized.

In the 1960s, people commonly wore a variety of shirt styles, including button-down collared shirts, turtlenecks, and brightly patterned short-sleeve shirts. For men, the classic "mod" look featured tailored shirts with bold colors and geometric patterns. Women often opted for blouses with flowy silhouettes, vibrant prints, and ruffles. The era's fashion was heavily influenced by cultural movements, leading to a mix of traditional and innovative styles.

The 1960s saw the introduction of several significant medicines, including oral contraceptives, which revolutionized birth control and women's reproductive health. Other notable drugs included the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) and the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which became widely used for allergies and sleep aid. Additionally, the first-generation antipsychotic chlorpromazine was prominent in treating psychiatric disorders. These advancements marked important milestones in pharmacology and public health.

Art critic John Canady significantly influenced the perceptions of art lovers and buyers in the 1960s and 1970s through his writings in publications like The New York Times. His reviews often highlighted emerging artists and movements, helping to shape public taste and market trends. By championing certain works and critiquing others, Canady played a pivotal role in elevating the status of contemporary art and directing collectors' attention toward new, innovative styles. His influence helped to legitimize the art market and foster a greater appreciation for modern art during this transformative period.

Hippies often support themselves through a variety of means, including creative work such as art, music, and crafts, which align with their values of self-expression and community. Many also engage in alternative lifestyles, such as farming, eco-friendly businesses, or co-ops that emphasize sustainability and communal living. Additionally, some may work in jobs that promote social causes or alternative health practices. Overall, their approach to work often reflects their ideals of freedom, creativity, and connection to nature.

Houses in the 1960s often featured a mix of mid-century modern and traditional styles, characterized by clean lines, open floor plans, and large windows that emphasized natural light. Popular elements included flat or low-pitched roofs, brick or wood siding, and integrated indoor-outdoor spaces, often with patios or decks. Bright, bold colors and patterns were common in both exterior and interior design, reflecting the vibrant cultural shifts of the era. Additionally, the use of new materials and technologies, such as aluminum and plywood, became more prevalent in home construction.

In the 1960s, one popular sandwich for lunch was the classic tuna salad sandwich. Made with canned tuna mixed with mayonnaise, celery, and sometimes pickles, it was often served on white or whole wheat bread. Another favorite was the BLT (bacon, lettuce, and tomato), featuring crispy bacon, fresh lettuce, and ripe tomatoes on toasted bread. These sandwiches reflected the era's simple yet satisfying approach to lunchtime meals.

The "timid souls" in the Great Society referred to individuals, often within the political sphere, who were hesitant to fully embrace the ambitious reforms proposed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s. These individuals often prioritized caution and incremental change over sweeping social and economic reforms aimed at eradicating poverty and promoting civil rights. Their importance lay in their influence on the pace and scope of legislation, as their concerns about potential backlash and feasibility shaped the implementation of Great Society programs. Ultimately, their reservations highlighted the tensions between bold vision and pragmatic governance during a transformative era in American history.

The 1960s saw several notable conflicts, including the Vietnam War, which escalated significantly during this decade. Other significant conflicts included the Laotian Civil War and the Dominican Civil War, as well as various decolonization struggles in Africa and Asia. Overall, the decade was marked by numerous military engagements and regional conflicts, reflecting the broader geopolitical tensions of the Cold War era.

In the 1960s, "hawks" referred to individuals, particularly within the U.S. government and military, who supported the Vietnam War and advocated for an aggressive military approach to combat communism. This term contrasted with "doves," who opposed the war and sought diplomatic solutions. Hawks believed in the necessity of strong military intervention to protect American interests and prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

The 1960s were marked by significant events including the civil rights movement in the United States, which sought to end racial segregation and discrimination. The Vietnam War escalated, leading to widespread protests and a counterculture movement that challenged traditional values. The decade also saw the space race culminate in the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, marking a significant achievement in human exploration. Additionally, the assassination of key figures like President John F. Kennedy and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. had profound impacts on American society.

Wegener's theory of continental drift gained acceptance in the 1960s primarily due to the development of plate tectonics, which provided a comprehensive framework explaining the movement of Earth's lithosphere. Advances in technology, such as sonar mapping of the ocean floor and the discovery of mid-ocean ridges, revealed evidence of seafloor spreading. Additionally, paleomagnetic studies showed that continents had shifted over geological time, supporting Wegener's ideas. This confluence of evidence from multiple scientific disciplines ultimately validated his theory.

The Great Society, initiated by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s, provided significant support to artists and scholars through initiatives like the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). These organizations offered grants and funding opportunities, enabling artists to create new works and scholars to pursue research and education. This federal support fostered a vibrant cultural landscape, promoting creativity and intellectual inquiry across the nation. Ultimately, the Great Society aimed to enhance the quality of life and expand access to the arts and humanities for all Americans.

Rap and hip-hop emerged in the 1960s as a response to social, political, and economic challenges faced by African American communities, particularly in urban areas like the Bronx. Influenced by the civil rights movement, artists began using music as a platform to express their experiences, struggles, and resistance. The genre combined elements of spoken word, rhythm, and beat, drawing from earlier musical styles such as funk and soul. This cultural movement laid the groundwork for the evolution of hip-hop as a powerful voice for marginalized communities.

Between the 1960s and 1980s, Africa experienced significant political, social, and economic transformations. Many countries gained independence from colonial rule, leading to a wave of nationalist movements and efforts to establish self-governance. However, this period was also marked by political instability, civil wars, and authoritarian regimes, as leaders struggled to navigate post-colonial challenges. Additionally, economic difficulties and external influences, such as Cold War dynamics, shaped the continent’s development during these decades.

Shaggy, the character from "Scooby-Doo," is often associated with a laid-back, carefree lifestyle that shares some traits with hippie culture, such as a love for peace and snacks. However, he is not explicitly portrayed as a hippie; rather, he embodies a quirky, fun-loving personality that aligns more with his role as a comedic sidekick. His fashion sense and demeanor might resonate with the hippie aesthetic, but he is primarily defined by his adventurous spirit and friendship with Scooby-Doo.