Electrical Engineering

Two types of CTs. one is for metering another one is for Protection

The metering CT has very less error,the protection CT has more error but that
has more saturation level.

5 - 5% error. P for protection and 10 indicates 10 times the rated current.

Use only one of the legs (L1-L3), and the neutral. Some three phase circuits don't have a neutral. If that is the case, then you cannot run single phase.

You don't need a neutral, providing the voltage is appropriate, you can get a single-phase supply by connecting the load between any two lines.

longshore currents are common at any beach that is exposed to breaking surf. A longshore current is an ocean current that moves parallel to shore. It is caused by large swells sweeping into the shoreline at an angle and pushing water down the length of the beach in one direction. Longsshore currents usually extend from the shallow waters inside the breaking waves to breaking waves on the outside. They vary depending on the size, strength, and direction of the approaching swell, and the length of the beach. The more prominent the swell size and direction, and the longer and straighter the beach is, the more powerful and swift the long-shore current will be. They are responsible for many rescues along the coast by sweeping swimmers and surfers down the beach into a variety of hazards. They also have a large inpact on the shorelineA shoreline is not static. As waves appoach shore and "feel the bottom", water piles up and breakers form (see "Waves"). Primarily these waves, breaking at an angle to the shoreline, are what generate a "longshore current" that parallels the shore. Importantly, the longshore current not only moves water in the surf zon

e, it also moves sediment parallel to the shoreline. Figure 1 illustrates that the direction of longshore current is a function of the angle of wave appoach. For example, if the waves appoach the shoreline from the south, longshore current moves from south to north.

But longshore current and the resulting transport of sediment is only one of the dynamic processes that constantly alter the shoreline. As waves repeatedly hit the shore, water moves onto the beach and then retreats in a continuous cycle. However, the waves are not all that moves on the shoreline. In fact, the sediment on the shore is also always on the move. Great energy is expended on the beach as waves crash against the shoreline. This energy allows the water to transport sediment. The grains are lifted as the waves in the swash zone move onto the beach, and then the grains are deposited again as the water retreats. As long as the waves hit the shoreline "straight on" (i.e., the wave crests are parallel to the shoreline), the sand grains will be picked up and redeposited in the same general area. In this case, no real net movement of sand occurs in the swash zone. However, waves generally do not form parallel to the shoreline, and thus, usually approach the shore at an angle. Consequently, beach sand will have a net movement up or down the beach, depending on the direction of incoming waves. This net movement of the beach sand is known as beach drift.

Figure 2 illustrates how beach drift operates. Notice on the diagram the angle at which the waves hit the beach. The water moves onto the beach close to the same angle. Recall that sand grains are transported as the waves move onto the beach. Therefore, the sand grains are being carried in the same direction that the waves are moving. However, when the water retreats, due to gravity it goes straight back perpendicular to the shoreline and not back in the opposite direction from which it came. Since grains are redeposited as the water retreats, the grains are actually deposited further down the beach or down longshore current. Hence, the net overall movement of sand is down current. Also, notice on the diagram that at a given point on the beach, the sediment that has moved down shore is replaced by sediment from further up shore, as long as sediment is available there. The net movement of sediment in Figure 2 is to the south because the waves are hitting the shore from the north. If the waves hit the beach from the south, the net movement of sand will be to the north. Net beach sediment movement, or beach drift, can change back and forth with shifts in wave direction. However, along any particular shoreline one direction for incoming waves usually dominates resulting in a preferential net movement of sediment. Sediment transported by beach drift as well as that moved by longshore current together are called littoral transport.

Long-shore currents can sweep swimmers and surfers into rip currents, piers, jetties, and other hazardous areas. In many cases, the long-shore current is strong enough to prevent swimmers from being able to keep their feet on the bottom, making it difficult to return to shore.

E = I * R = 250 * 25 = 6500 volts

This resistor will be dissipating 156.25 kilowatts, which would vaporize most resistors instantly!!!!!

Type your answer here... APPLICATIONS OF Z TRANSFORM

· Application of the z Transform to the Analysis of Linear Discrete Systems.

· Application of the z Transform to the Simulation of Continuous Systems.

· Application of the z Transform to the Analysis of Digital Filters.

· Application of the z Transform to the Analysis of Discrete Signals.he z Transform to the Analysis of Digital Filters.

One of the major applications of the z-transform is used as an analysis tool for discrete-time

LTI systems. In particular, we will use the z-transform for finding the frequency response

and evaluating the stability of discrete-time LTI systems.

From the convolution property of z-transform, we have the relationship between the ztransforms

of input and output sequences of a discrete-time LTI system as

Y(z) = H(z)X (z)

where X (z), Y(z) and H(z) are the z-transforms of the system input, output and impulse

response, respectively. H(z) is referred as the system function or transfer function of the

system.

An air-break link (ABL) switch is designed to interrupt normal load currents (but not fault currents). In order to do so, they usually incorporate some form of very simple arc-extinguishing feature.

An isolator switch, on the other hand, is not designed to interrupt current, but to isolate equipment after that equipment has been disconnected (e.g. by opening a circuit breaker).