Evolution

1. Variation: Individuals within a population exhibit different traits.
2. Inheritance: Some of these traits can be passed on from parents to offspring.
3. Selection: Certain traits provide individuals with a better chance of survival and reproduction.
4. Time: Over generations, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change.

None.

Gene flow between two groups of the same population tends to stabilize alleles, or one way gene flow tends to not change allele frequency enough for speciation. The only speciation driver we know of is natural selection working on two allopatic species separately. Different populations, due to this geographic separation, can speciated, but gene flow between them, whatever the direction, will tend to bring things to a stability, or to a situation that is not enough for speciation.

Evolution is the change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms.

One of the most important things modern genetics can do is observe this fact of nature by modern evolutionary genetic sequencing of many population genomes.

Charles Darwin is known for the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published his findings in his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859, proposing that species evolve over time through the process of natural selection, where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Some reasons why some organisms might be likely to survive more than others include having advantageous traits for their environment, being able to adapt to changing conditions, having strong immune systems, and having high reproductive rates. Additionally, organisms that exhibit behaviors such as cooperation, resourcefulness, and intelligence may also have a greater likelihood of survival.

Scientists combine evidence from DNA sequencing, comparative anatomy, and fossil records to determine evolutionary relationships among species. By examining similarities and differences in these three sources of evidence, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees to understand how different species are related to each other through evolution.

Heritability is the proportion of variation in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences. This is important in evolution because traits with high heritability can be passed down from one generation to the next, allowing for natural selection to act on these traits over time, leading to evolutionary changes in a population.

1. Embryo studies show that vertebrates all have very similar characteristics as they develop, which fade in and out before reaching its final form eg. humans have tails and a neck structure that in fish becomes gills and in humans becomes the jaw, snakes have legs for a while, and all vertebrate embryos have an unnecessarily long laryngeal nerve that travels from the brain underneath the aorta and then back to the larynx (which only would make sense in a fish-like creature).

2. By looking at bone and fossil records we can clearly see the evolutionary path of various species (for example, whales' fins are made up of hand-like bones, which means it had to have had an ancestor species at some point that lived on land).

3. Genetic studies show distant relation between various species (eg. humans and other apes) as well as closer relations (modern Homo sapiens sapiens humans without 100% African ancestry have been proven to be a mix of two human species - Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis)

4. Mutations in general, be they a genetic disorder or unique ability like photographic memory.

5. The fact we can breed creatures and plants in order to get the attributes we want (eg all designer dogs and cats, grapples and pear-apples, etc).

6. Studies of how genes work allow us to unlock already existing genes in creatures that are usually "turned off" but are still there (eg. it's possible to create a chicken with teeth by simply activating the already-existing tooth gene in their DNA).

8. Changes in fast-reproducing creatures like viruses, bacteria, and fruit flies.

A lot of natural selection occurs very slowly. It took the evolution of the dog from the wolf to take at least 14,000 years. It took singled celled life 3+billion years to evolve into multicellular life.

The lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution include fossil records, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography. Fossil records show a progression of life forms over time, while comparative anatomy reveals similarities in structures among different species. Molecular biology demonstrates common genetic sequences among organisms, and biogeography examines the distribution of species around the world, all of which provide evidence for the common ancestry and gradual change of species over time outlined in the theory of evolution.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce within their environment. Over time, this process leads to the gradual change and divergence of species.

Slightly more than 3000 million years ago, perhaps even as long as 3500 million years ago shortly after the earth's crust cooled just enough for bodies of liquid water to accumulate on its surface.

When a new species arises from natural selection, it is called speciation. This process occurs when a population becomes reproductively isolated from another population, leading to the formation of distinct species over time.

This concept is known as punctuated equilibrium, proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge in 1972. It suggests that species remain relatively unchanged for long periods of time (stasis), interspersed with brief periods of rapid evolution that lead to new species formation. This pattern contrasts with the gradual change predicted by the traditional model of evolution, known as phyletic gradualism.

Predicting the exact evolution of the human species in 1000 years is speculative. However, factors such as advancements in technology, medical science, and genetic engineering could influence human evolution. It is possible that humans may continue to adapt to their environment and potentially incorporate more artificial elements into their biology.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms become better suited to their environment over time. This process demonstrates the way in which organisms evolve to survive and reproduce in their specific surroundings. By studying how organisms adapt to changes in their environment, scientists can gather evidence to support the theory of evolution.

There is no single piece of evidence that definitively disproves evolution. The theory of evolution is supported by a vast amount of evidence from various scientific fields, including genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. Any challenges to the theory of evolution would need to provide substantial evidence and be subject to rigorous scientific scrutiny.

The four sources of supporting evidence for the theory of evolution are fossils, the development of life forms, changes over life forms over the years and the way in which related species are distributed across the world.

The average, distributed normally, trait in phenotype of a population is selected for. Take height in humans as an example. We have variation there, but there are too few ten foot humans and too few 2 foot hymans in the human population because natural selection in it's stabilizing form makes such height extremes reproductively unsuccessful in all earth's immediate environments.

Embryological development in animals displays the same set of nested hierarchies that is known from comparative morphology and genetics, and thus evidence for common descent.

Nota bene: this adherence to nested hierarchies is not to be confused with the 19th century hypothesis of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny. Embryos do not go through evolutionary stages during their development, but they dodisplay atavistic developments that are consistent with phylogenies based on other sources.

No, the theory of evolution is not based solely on chance. While genetic variation arises through random mutations, natural selection acts on these variations in a non-random manner, favoring traits that increase an organism's fitness in a given environment. This process results in the gradual change and adaptation of species over time.

Von Thunen's theories on agricultural land use are still relevant in understanding the spatial organization of agricultural activities. However, they may not fully capture the complexities of modern agriculture, which involves factors beyond transportation costs, such as technological advancements, market globalization, and government policies.

Yes, allele frequencies are more likely to remain stable in large populations due to the effects of genetic drift being more pronounced in small populations. In small populations, random events can lead to significant changes in allele frequencies, whereas in large populations, genetic drift has less impact and allele frequencies are more likely to remain stable over time.