Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

At least one radio station in Pittsburgh made a song, "Cleaning Up This Mess in the Bay." Done to the tune of "Sitting on the Dock of the Bay" it had the following Chorous: Cleaning up this mess in the bay, Watching the tide roll away, Cleaning up this mess in the bay, working overtime...." And a verse of: Looks like my buckets almost full, Maybe I should have finished high school, they said fill this bucket of mine, and dump it out again 11 million times. This is how I make my bucks, scraping this sludge off the ducks, working for Exxon sucks, They should move their oil in trucks!

Exxon Valdez was the original name (later SeaRiver Mediterranean, S/R Mediterranean, Mediterranean, currently Dong Fang Ocean) of an oil tanker ... For more information, this website --> en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The vessel was traveling outside normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice. Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 10.9 million gallons of its 53 million gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spill to date in U.S. waters.

The Exxon Valdez is 987 feet long, 166 feet wide, and 88 feet in depth (301 meters by 50 meters by 27 meters), weighing 30,000 tons empty carrying 1.48 million barrels (200,000 t) of crude oil.

By performing genetic engineering, scientists can obtain knowledge about genetic mechanisms in bacteria, cleaning all the harmful stuff such as oil and disinagrates while this genetic engineering helps us identifying certain nucleotide sequences, and to use various restriction enzymes.

The solar radiation effects on oil causes it to disperse and spread, leaving a thin layer of oil. Salt water doesn't do much to help since oil and water don't mix without certain chemicals that would damage the environment. Therefore the water has a more dense gravity ratio than oil which salt water's is 1.023 to 1.028 than oil 0.79 to 0.84. therefore the oil is pushed farther up and is the cause of the larger oil spill. Hope this helped.

The solutions that were meant to repair the damage done by the Exxon Valdez were mixed. Exxon spent many millions of dollars on the reclamation, but it will be many years before the area will return to normal.

On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

Long Beach, California.

Oil infrastructure development in Alaska can affect the animals directly, or by impacting their ecosystems indeirectly. The populations most obviously at risk would be the Porcupine Caribou, and the Polar Bear. Drilling within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, in particular the 1002 area would cause potentially irreversable development associated with the drilling industrial complexes. The 1002 area is the only place that the caribou come to give birth in the spring. Muskoxen are another prey species that is abundant around the areas being considered for oil development. If too much presence of a predator species such as ourselves is recognized by the herd they may run leaving behind calves and go into defensive positions. The increased disturbance results in displacement of animals from prefered ecosystems and therefore increased energy requirements ultimately lowering calf production and incidence of predation. Development in the area 1002 area may result in numerous production sites spread out connected by a network of roads, pipelines, power plants, processing facilities, loading docks, housing, airstrips, gravel pits, and utility lines. All of this associated development with drilling has environmental consequences such as waste management. Once the power plants, roads, and utilites are established further development may be irreversible.

The vessel was towed away from the pollution site and repaired in San Diego, California. It was renamed the Exxon Mediterranean, then SeaRiver Mediterranean in the early 1990s. It served in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia before being removed from service in 2002. In 2005 it returned to service as the Mediterranean and then in 2008 was renamed the Dong Fang Ocean when it was purchased by a Hong Kong-based shipping company and refitted as an ore carrier.

The Exxon Valdez was a massive oil tanker owned by the Exxon Oil Company, which ran aground on the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska on 24th March 1989, whilst carrying a full cargo of crude oil. Although no-one was killed in the incident, it caused a leakage of up to nearly 32 million US gallons of oil into the Sound when the ship's hull ruptured, which resulted in catastrophic environmental damage and led to the death of a quarter of a million seabirds, 3,000 sea otters, 300 seals, a number of bald eagles and 22 killer whales, along with countless thousands of fish. It is the second worst man-made American oil spillage disaster to date. The ship's captain, Joseph Hazelwood, was arrested on charges of negligence and initially accused to having been drunk in charge of the supertanker, although at his trial he was cleared of this and fined $50,000 with an order to do 10,000 hours of community service. The US Government awarded $287 million in compensation claims to those whose livelihoods had been affected by the disaster, took a major role in assisting with clean-up operations, and also fined the Exxon Mobil Company $5 billion- the company appealed twice against this, and the fine was eventually reduced to just over $507 million. The Exxon Valdez, although only 3 years old at the time of the disaster, was built to a highly antiquated single-hulled design which afforded no protection against oil spillage when the vessel's structure was damaged. Following the disaster, few countries around the world would allow single-hulled tankers to dock at their oil terminals, meaning that the owners of such vessels either had to have them refitted with double-hulls, or else scrapped altogether. Most were refitted, although the unfortunate Exxon Valdez herself became something of a pariah ship following the disaster. She went through the hands of a number of Far Eastern owners before being sold for scrap and dismantled in August 2012, under the name of the Oriental Nicety.

probably except it might not have been round the spill

The spill brought about the Oil Pollution Act Of 1990. Key provisions of the act: §1002(a) Provides that the responsible party for a vessel or facility from which oil is discharged, or which poses a substantial threat of a discharge, is liable for: (1) certain specified damages resulting from the discharged oil; and (2) removal costs incurred in a manner consistent with the National Contingency Plan (NCP). §1002(c) Exceptions to the Clean Water Act (CWA) liability provisions include: (1) discharges of oil authorized by a permit under Federal, State, or local law; (2) discharges of oil from a public vessel; or (3) discharges of oil from onshore facilities covered by the liability provisions of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act. §1002(d) Provides that if a responsible party can establish that the removal costs and damages resulting from an incident were caused solely by an act or omission by a third party, the third party will be held liable for such costs and damages. §1004 The liability for tank vessels larger than 3,000 gross tons is increased to $1,200 per gross ton or $10 million, whichever is greater. Responsible parties at onshore facilities and deepwater ports are liable for up to $350 millon per spill; holders of leases or permits for offshore facilities, except deepwater ports, are liable for up to $75 million per spill, plus removal costs. The Federal government has the authority to adjust, by regulation, the $350 million liability limit established for onshore facilities. §1016 Offshore facilities are required to maintain evidence of financial responsibility of $150 million and vessels and deepwater ports must provide evidence of financial responsibility up to the maximum applicable liability amount. Claims for removal costs and damages may be asserted directly against the guarantor providing evidence of financial responsibility. §1018(a) The Clean Water Act does not preempt State Law. States may impose additional liability (including unlimited liability), funding mechanisms, requirements for removal actions, and fines and penalties for responsible parties. §1019 States have the authority to enforce, on the navigable waters of the State, OPA requirements for evidence of financial responsibility. States are also given access to Federal funds (up to $250,000 per incident) for immediate removal, mitigation, or prevention of a discharge, and may be reimbursed by the Trust fund for removal and monitoring costs incurred during oil spill response and cleanup efforts that are consistent with the National Contingency Plan (NCP). §4202 Strengthens planning and prevention activities by: (1) providing for the establishment of spill contingency plans for all areas of the U.S. (2) mandating the development of response plans for individual tank vessels and certain facilities for responding to a worst case discharge or a substantial threat of such a discharge; and (3) providing requirements for spill removal equipment and periodic inspections. §4301(a) and (c) The fine for failing to notify the appropriate Federal agency of a discharge is increased from a maximum of $10,000 to a maximum of $250,000 for an individual or $500,000 for an organization. The maximum prison term is also increased from one year to five years. The penalties for violations have a maximum of $250,000 and 15 years in prison. §4301(b)Civil penalties are authorized at $25,000 for each day of violation or $1,000 per barrel of oil discharged. Failure to comply with a Federal removal order can result in civil penalties of up to $25,000 for each day of violation. §9001(a) Amends the Internal Revenue Act of 1986 to consolidate funds established under other statutes and to increase permitted levels of expenditures. Penalties and funds established under several laws are consolidated, and the Trust Fund borrowing limit is increased from $500 million to $1 billion. Information obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency

In the case of Baker v. Exxon, an Anchorage jury awarded $287 million for actual damages and $5 billion for punitive damages. To protect itself in case the judgment was affirmed, Exxon obtained a $4.8 billion credit line from J.P. Morgan & Co.

I will give a short answer, and then a bit longer one, beginning with the word "however."

The Exxon Valdez oil spill resulted in 0.26 million barrels of oil (abbreviated Gbbls) and the Deepwater Horizon spill was 4.9 million barrels, so the BP spill was 4.64 million barrels larger. One barrel equals 42 gallons.

However, controversy surrounds both estimates. I was surprised how big a range various groups have estimated the Exxon Valdez oil spill volume. The number of 0.26 Gbbls came from Wikipedia. They also give a higher estimate considered by some of 0.75 Gbbls. The estimates do become a bit confusing as they are given in cubic meters, gallons and barrels. Please see the side bar to the right of first link for these estimates in barrels.

The estimate of the oil spilled in the BP oil spill comes from a Technical Task force, and is likely to be contested if BP is sued by the US government. When oil is flowing from a blown out well, accurate estimates are very difficult. The Task Force assumed that the oil rate began at a high rate, and then became less as the reservoir pressure declined. Reservoir pressure is important as it is the force driving the oil up the well. BP has suggested that just the opposite may be true. Oil rates could have been low when the blow out began, with a lot of debris in the well, then the rates increased as the debris was blown out of the well.

So the short answer is 4.64 Gbbls and the long answer is nobody is in complete agreement on the numbers. The uncertainties of estimating volumes will probably mean there will never be complete agreement.

Most of it, though there is still 20,000 gallons out on the islands.

The Exxon Valdez launched 14 October 1986.

The action taken will depend on the quantity of the spill.

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Dead Ahead The Exxon Valdez Disaster - 1992 TV is rated/received certificates of:

Australia:PG

Australia:M (DVD rating)

USA:PG-13

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all of the oil companies on the planet want to get crude at rock bottom prices. It really does NOT matter, what cost they get the crude at, they STILL rob us blind at the pumps,while all of them make record profits year after year.

They are considered some of the worst man-made environmental disasters in U.S. history.