Light Bulbs and Artificial Lighting

By wax molded into a shape by heat
Candles are made using wax. Wax can come in many forms such as soy wax comes in a flake form and there are other type of waxes that come in a block form. You measure out the amount you need and let it heat to the proper temperature, you then add the fragrance oil of your choice that's used for candle making.

You will also need wicks and dye blocks or liquid colors to color your candles.

On most candle suppliers websites they will have instructions for you to follow step by step.
Making candles is fun but also a long process and do require proper techniques if you want your candle to burn properly and put off a scent.

If you are just starting out you can go to your local hobby store and grab a kit with the materials to make your first candle. Most candle items purchased at a local store don't have the higher end candle making equipment.

1. Use a heavy pot that you no longer plan to cook with for melting the wax.

If you purchase a Candle kit most of the Candle kits will have a pouring pot which are also used to melt your wax in.

There are different types of wax available some include: beeswax, soy wax, and regular candle wax.

Wax has to be poured at a correct temperature and it also has to be heated to the proper temperature.

2. You will also need a fiber for the candle wick.

There are different types of wicks. Wicks are most made of cotton. You can also use organic cotton for the wicks that are more environmentally friendly.

Wicks come pre-tabbed already in your candle kit or you can tab the wicks yourself.

3. To create a candle in a container. You need a fire resistant container to pour the wax into such as the pouring pot which comes in a candle kit or can be purchased seperate

4. next pour a small amount of your heated wax into the bottom of the container to set the wick.

Make sure you measure your wax, Usually if you are making scented candles you would want to melt 1oz of wax per lb of fragrance oil.

5. You can also purchase wick holders which holds the wick in place while pouring your wax into the container

6. Pour the wax at the proper temperature, if you pour it too hot you will not have a smooth top.

It you pour it to cool the tops still may come out bumpy.

That is some of the basics of candle making. A lot comes along with making a good quality candle unless you are doing it for fun or as a personal hobby.

Below are things that you must take into consideration.

To make candles you will need these supplies, wax of your choice, you will also need to purchase wicks, dye blocks or liquid dye and fragrance oils to make your candles.

First you will need to melt down your wax using the proper temperature.

Next you also will want to have your jars set aside and already wicked so once your wax cools down you will be ready to pour your mixture in your containers.

Once your wax gets to a proper temperature you then will need to add your color and after that your fragrance oil.

Mix well.

The coloring has to be added at a proper temp and so does your fragrance oil.

Let it cool and pour it into your waiting container. Candles also take a few days to cure.

It is a lot that goes into Candle Making so make sure you follow the Candle Making directions listed on your suppliers website.

Here are a few things to take into consideration.

Proper size wicks for the diameter of each jar.

Pouring temperatures- When to add the oil and when to add the color.
You buy Candle Making supplies, Choose which ever type of wax you prefer to use. Then you buy Fragrance oils, wicks, jars, labels & other Candle making equipment. When your supplies arrive you melt your wax to the melting temp, then you add your color which is called dye blocks or liquid dye, then add (fo) fragrance oiland pour the finished melted wax into a container and let it sit and cool for about 2 days then test burn it.

Keep in mind you have a melting point, and a pouring point, you have to use so much oil per lb of wax for your candle to smell and also you have to use proper size wicks for each size or style container you plan on using.

When making Candles you have to have techniques proper or your candle will not come out right.

Searching for Candle Making equipment also will assist you directly off their site.

The better and earlier lamp (what we now call the high efficiency light bulb or florescent bulb) was invented by Tesla, but would not work on the inferior power system that Edison had built. The need was for a bulb that would work on D.C. or A.C.

Edison is credited by most people for inventing the bulb even though the arc lamp and florescent were being used before him.

The real answer is that he didn't invent the lightbulb. He had only improved on what someone else did 59 years before him. And in order to avoid legal battle joined with the real inventor Warren De la Rue and then James Swan to market the lightbulb in Europe. To say he invented it is farfetched when the proper research is done. But to say who created the better product of that time would be more proper and Edison would fit that bill because he did work to make the better product.
He made it because he felt he should contact people in a different wayand because you would use coal for your fire so he thought it would be nice if you got loght from a different source.

He didnt Joseph Swan invented the light bulb. Thomas Edison only improved on this idea and that's why people give him all the credit because its his design used today.
Thomas edisen wanted to make a more efficient and safe lighting source. The Gas lights of the time were ineffiecient and dangerous. They produced a sort of smeel that gave you headaches and they caused many fires
in 1949the have created the indecent lightbulb

There are two main types of commercially available energy-efficient light bulbs. These are LEDs and CFLs. Both are better than traditional incandescent light bulbs when it comes to energy efficiency

The efficiency of light bulbs is calculated by comparing the amount of light produced to the amount of energy consumed:

• LED bulbs produce 90 to 112 lumens per watt.
• Compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs produce 40 to 70 lumens per watt.
• Traditional incandescent bulb fixtures only produce 10 to 17 lumens per watt.

• Compact fluorescent light bulbs have a life span of eight to 10 years and cost about $4 per bulb.
• LED bulbs last up to 40 or 50 years but can cost over $306 per bulb.
• CFLs contain mercury which may require special handling for disposal while LEDs do not.

A light bulb glows when a voltage is applied across the bulb. The greater the voltage, the higher the current and the brighter the bulb will glow. The brightness is related to the power dissipated by the bulb and power is calculated by multiplying the voltage by the current.

If a second bulb is added, the voltage across each bulb will be half of the voltage across a single bulb. The current through each bulb will be lower because the voltage across each bulb is also lower. Therefore, the power dissipated in each bulb will be lower and the bulbs will be dimmer.

There are two equations that are used for the calculation:

Ohms Law - Voltage = current x resistance

Power calculation - Power = current x voltage

Here is a worked example:

A bulb with a resistance of 3 Ohms has a voltage of 6V across it. Ohms Law says that it will have a current of 2Amps. The power dissipated by the lamp will be 2Amps x 6V = 12Watts.

If two bulbs are in the circuit, each will have a voltage of 3 volts across it. The current through each of them will be 3V / 3Ohms = 1A. The power dissipated in each bulb will be 1Amp x 3V = 3Watts.

So, with two bulbs in circuit, the total power dissipated will be 2 x 3Watts = 6Watts. Therefore, not only does each bulb get dimmer but the total power is also reduced.

Unfortunately, the original answer fails to mention that there is a significant change in the resistance of an incandescent lamp between its 'cold' and 'hot' temperatures (around 15 times!), so the worked example isn't really valid for incandescent lamps.