Nobel Prize Winners

I believe you meant "Nobel Prize" in Physics. Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.

No, J.J. Johnson did not receive the Nobel Prize. He was a jazz trombonist associated with the bebop style of jazz.

George Bernard Shaw won an Adapted Screenplay award in 1938 for "Pygmalion."

according to hund's rule ,electrons are distributed among the orbitals having equal energy [degenerate orbitals] in such a way that the number of unpaired electrons is maximum.In other words , if the number of electrons is less or equal to the orbitals of same energy then all these electrons will be unpaired.But when the number of electrons is more than the available orbitals , then first all the orbitals will be singly occupied and then pairing of electrons will start.Due to this interelectronic repulsion will be minimum when the electrons occupy separate orbitals and when number of unpaired electrons with same spin is greater than exchange energy will also be greater this stablizes the system.

While pauli's exclusion principle is that an orbital can accomodate not more than 2 electrons that too with opposite spins.

In 1903, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, and Pierre Curie for their research on radiation phenomena. Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity, while Marie and Pierre Curie conducted pioneering research on the phenomenon.

Marie Curie is the only individual to have been awarded Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields - Physics in 1903 (shared with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel) and Chemistry in 1911.

The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics was shared by Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Antoine Henri Becquerel for their discoveries in the field of radioactivity.

Marie Curie won her first Nobel Prize in 1903.

Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, used his earnings to establish the Nobel Prizes in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. The Nobel Peace Prize specifically promotes world accord by recognizing individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to fostering peace and resolving conflicts.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was a scientist who made significant contributions in the field of plant biology and physics. He is known for inventing the crescograph, a device that measures plant growth. Bose's research on the response of plants to various stimuli laid the groundwork for the science of plant bioelectricity.

Abdus Salam, a Pakistani theoretical physicist, was the first Muslim to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his contribution to electroweak unification.

Richard F. Heck won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2010 for his work on the development of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. These reactions are widely used in organic chemistry to create complex molecules efficiently, which has had a significant impact on the field of drug discovery and materials science.

Thomas A. Steitz won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 for his work on the structure and function of the ribosome, a fundamental component of protein synthesis in cells. His research provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive protein production, leading to advances in drug development and understanding of genetic diseases.

Roger D. Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his studies on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription. He elucidated the process by which genetic information stored in DNA is copied into RNA and contributed significantly to our understanding of gene expression.

Richard R. Schrock won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005 for his work on the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis. This method allows for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of complex molecules, which has had a significant impact on the fields of pharmaceuticals, materials science, and biotechnology.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998 was divided equally between Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory and John A. Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was divided, one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the other half to Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry jointly with one half to Kary B. Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and with one half to Michael Smith for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 was divided, one half awarded to Paul Berg for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA,the other half jointly to Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 was awarded to Linus Pauling for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.

Harold Clayton Urey won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen. This discovery revolutionized the field of chemistry and had significant implications for the understanding of atomic structure and chemical reactions.

Irving Langmuir won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for his work in surface chemistry, specifically his studies of monolayer films and surface phenomena. His research on adsorption and surface reactions laid the foundation for understanding surface properties and catalysis.

Heinrich Otto Wieland won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1927 for his research on the composition of bile acids and related substances. His work greatly advanced the understanding of organic chemistry and biochemistry, particularly in the field of lipids and steroid chemistry.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 was awarded to Frederick Soddy for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.

Ernest Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances. He is known for his discovery of the concept of radioactive half-life and distinguishing between alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.