Oil and Petroleum

All reserve estimates involve uncertainty, depending on the amount of reliable geologic and engineering data available and the interpretation of those data. Some countries also falsify data for political reasons. Usually, initial estimates are low and tend to grow in time.

Petroleum forms from the remains of ancient organic matter, such as marine plants and animals, that are buried deep underground. Over millions of years, heat and pressure cause this organic material to transform into hydrocarbons, which then accumulate in porous rock formations to form petroleum reservoirs.

A thermoprobe is a device used to measure temperature, typically in scientific or industrial applications. It usually consists of a temperature sensor at the tip of a probe that is connected to a display or data logger to read and record temperature readings.

Astrology is not used by scientists to locate crude oil reserves. Instead, scientists rely on geology, seismic imaging, and other advanced technologies to identify potential locations for crude oil exploration based on geological data and analysis.

Crude oil is found deep in the ground As a consequence it cannot bee seen by casual inspection. Geologists therefor have to locate it by detonating seismic charges and recording and analyzing the echos that reflect back from the subsurface formations that may be oil reservoirs.

Obviously they don't just explode these charges everywhere on the off chance of finding oil. Geologists have. over the years. built up vast libraries of the underground rock formations around the world. Only those areas with formations likely to have oil reservoirs are explored further.

Once a likely formation is found, exploratory wells are drilled into the rock. Further studiers are done to determine the amount of oil in the formation (if any) and the ease of extraction.

There isn't a single "best" grade of crude oil since it depends on factors like what it will be refined into and the market demand. Some commonly regarded high-quality grades include Brent, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), and Dubai Crude. These grades are known for their favorable characteristics such as low sulfur content and high API gravity.

No, petroleum is usually extracted from the Earth using drilling methods such as drilling rigs and pumps to access underground reservoirs. Steam shovels are typically used for mining operations to extract minerals and ores from the ground.

Crude oil is the form of petroleum that bubbles up from the ground. It is a natural fossil fuel consisting of hydrocarbons found in certain rock formations.

Oil geologists use various methods to find buried petroleum deposits, including seismic surveys to create 3D images of the subsurface, gravity and magnetic surveys to detect anomalies that may indicate the presence of oil, and well drilling to confirm the presence of oil and assess its potential for extraction. They also study rock formations, stratigraphy, and other geological data to predict where oil may be found.

Synthetic rubber is petroleum based. According to Wikipedia, using 2005 statistics, 58% of all rubber production is synthetic rubber or approximately 12 million tons.

The chemical composition of rubber is complex. According to Wikipedia, under petrochemicals, synthetic rubber is

synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene.

Also, Wikipedia notes that since so much of our rubber is synthetic, then the price of rubber depends to a large degree on the price of oil.

I encourage you to follow some of the links, particularly as given in the natural rubber link, as it gives the interesting history of rubber.

Crude oil must be processed and stored. The processing in needed to remove gas and water that may be present. In some fields, there may be sour gas, that must be processed (amine units are common) to remove the hydrogen sulfide. Sand may be present, particularly in heavy oil deposits, which requires special processing.

The processing is called separation. A separator is a large cylinder where oil, water and gas can settle and be removed. Crude oil may go through several separators, in order to have an acceptable crude for the refinery.

The crude oil typically will go to storage tanks, and from there be shipped by pipeline or tanker to the refinery, where it will undergo fractional distillation on a very large scale to separate it into usable materials.

See link.

Crude oil is found in the Earth's crust, specifically in sedimentary rock formations. It is usually extracted from reservoirs that are thousands of feet below the surface.

Crude oil can cause problems to the earth's crust when it leaks or spills onto the surface, contaminating soil and water sources. It can also contribute to air pollution when it is burned, releasing harmful greenhouse gases. Additionally, the extraction of crude oil can disrupt ecosystems and habitats, leading to long-term environmental damage.

To have a petroleum resource, you need a source rock rich in organic material (such as algae or plankton), a reservoir rock with high porosity and permeability (like sandstone or limestone), and a seal rock above the reservoir to prevent oil and gas from escaping. Additionally, the presence of traps, such as anticlines or faults, is essential for the accumulation of oil and gas.

Inspissated deposit : was probably once a pool in liquid

and gaseous form, and now consist of only the more resistant and

heavier residues, the lighter fractions having been lost.

• Therefore, it may be thought of as a fossil oil field. As

erosion gradually removes the overburden and brings the surface

closer to the petroleum pool, the pressure on the fluids in the rocks

is reduced.

• The lowering of pressure causes the gases and lighter oil

fractions to come out of solution and expand, leaving the heavier

hydrocarbon fractions to come out of solution and expand, leaving

the heavier hydrocarbon fractions behind.

• As the zone of weathering approaches the pool, the opening

of incipient fractures allows the gases to escape more readily.

• Oxidizing agencies probably aid in solidifying the heavier oils

that remain behind.

• Such a deposit, typical of many in California and Utah,

Geothermal energy would be an ideal energy source for a community on a volcanic island. It harnesses the heat from beneath the Earth's surface, making use of the volcanic activity on the island to generate electricity. Geothermal energy is sustainable, reliable, and can provide a continuous source of power for the community without the need for coal or petroleum deposits.

Yes, oil is typically found underground in rock formations called reservoirs. These reservoirs can be located at different depths beneath the Earth's surface and are typically reached through drilling wells.

Because that may be part of the rubber compound

Petroleum is found in the ocean floor beneath the seafloor sediments. It accumulates in underground reservoirs formed by porous rocks such as sandstone or limestone. These reservoirs are typically located in offshore areas where sedimentary rocks have been deposited over millions of years.

If crude oil wells dried up, there would be a decrease in oil production, leading to potential shortages and higher prices for oil and petroleum products. This could impact various industries that rely on oil for manufacturing and transportation, as well as global economies that heavily depend on oil exports. It could also drive a shift towards alternative energy sources and technologies.

Methane is actually not the chief constituent of petroleum fuel. Petroleum fuel mainly consists of hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, which are derived from the refining of crude oil. Methane is a separate natural gas that is primarily used for heating and electricity generation.

Crude oil forms over millions of years from the remains of tiny marine organisms that were buried in sediment layers under high pressure and temperature. This process transforms the organic material into hydrocarbons, which make up crude oil.

The fraction of crude oil that has the lowest boiling point is the Liquified Petroleum Gas, which is a mixture of small hydrocarbons(methane, ethane, etc).

This is likely referring to natural gas, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons primarily composed of methane. It is often found along with petroleum deposits and is an important source of energy used for heating, electricity generation, and fuel for vehicles. Natural gas is extracted from the ground through drilling and is processed before being distributed for use.