Prions

Prions are too poorly understood to give a definitive answer on this. However it is believed that the normal version of the protein (PrPC) resides on the cell membrane and is involved in cell to cell communication. So it's likely that the prions don't enter the cytoplasm.

Prions are not living organisms and do not have the ability to move on their own. They are misfolded proteins that can cause other proteins to misfold in a similar way, leading to disease. Prions spread by coming into contact with normal proteins in the brain and causing them to change shape.

Prions are misfolded proteins that can cause other proteins to misfold, leading to neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. They are not alive and cannot be killed by typical methods like heat or disinfectants. Transmission of prions can occur through contaminated meat or tissue.

At one time, cattle were fed the unwanted parts of ground up sheep. Some of those cows became infected with mad cow disease. Mad cow disease spread to humans. Cattle were also fed parts of ground up cow parts, cows eating ground up cattle were infected with that disease.

The breakthrough came in New Guinea. There, women and children would eat the brains of dead people. Men would not. Women and children would catch a disease similar to mad cow disease. Men would not. That made it obvious that the disease came from something common to women and children and not to men. Since they behaved the same as nearby groups except for eating the brains of dead people, that had to be the difference. The only difference in the brains of the dead people with mad cow disease and those without mad cow disease was the prions.

This was then tested in England where mad cow disease was common. The only difference between cows with mad cow disease and those without mad cow disease were the same prions. The people with mad cow disease had the same prions in their brains.

No. Prions are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. They are similar to viruses - nonliving. However, they are more "nonliving" than viruses in the respect that they are just protein sans nucleic acid or anything cell-like.

Prions are proteins that can cause misfolding of other proteins in the brain, leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Due to their ability to self-propagate and resist normal sterilization techniques, prions pose a significant risk of spreading through contaminated tissues or medical instruments. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies caused by prions are currently incurable and fatal.

Psychotic outburst syndrome is not a recognized medical condition or prion disease. It may be a term used colloquially to describe episodes of intense emotional or behavioral disturbances, but it is not a diagnosable medical disorder. Prion diseases are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded proteins called prions.

No, prions are not considered organisms because they lack genetic material and cannot replicate on their own. They are infectious proteins that can cause misfolding of normal proteins in the brain, leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Yes, prions are infectious proteins that can cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold and take on an abnormal shape, leading to a cascade of misfolded proteins and causing disease. This abnormal confirmation can result in serious neurological conditions such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

No, a virus is not a prion. Prions are misfolded proteins that can cause other proteins to misfold in a similar way, leading to diseases like mad cow disease. Viruses, on the other hand, are infectious agents that require a host cell to replicate and cause infection.

Prions are difficult to deactivate because they are not living organisms and are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemical disinfection. However, they can be relatively easily deactivated through methods such as incineration at very high temperatures, autoclaving in a high-pressure steam sterilizer, or treatment with strong chemical agents like sodium hydroxide.

You can by the typical means after trying extremely hard. Prions are unusually stable proteins, which means the normal denaturation methods (high temperature, proteases, and formalin & radiation treatments) can only reduce infectivity but not hydrolyze the structure completely. Raised temperatures will destroy normal proteins, but prions would require incredibly high temperatures and pressures that make it an ineffective treatment. The tertiary structure has been shown to be destroyed after treatment with bleach or caustic soda, or acidic substances, however.

Other modi operandi are being researched to treat prion infections and amyloids. Prions are still poorly understood and the diseases they cause are still uncurable.

For replication of a prion, there must be a misfolded form of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPc) present. This misfolded prion protein (PrPsc) acts as a template to convert normal PrPc into the abnormal form. The process of conversion is thought to involve a seeding mechanism where the misfolded protein induces other proteins to misfold.

Prions are typically spread through the consumption of infected tissue, such as contaminated meat or organs. They can also be transmitted through medical procedures involving infected tissues or by exposure to contaminated equipment. Prions are highly resilient and can persist in the environment for long periods of time.

Viruses can alter cell function by entering host cells and using their machinery to replicate and produce more virus particles. Prions, on the other hand, are misfolded proteins that can induce normal proteins in the cell to also misfold and accumulate, disrupting normal cellular function. Both viruses and prions can cause damage to cells, leading to various diseases and health problems.

Depends on your definition of life. Prions are self replicating (though only in the right conditions. ie inside a host), which is the basic requirement for a living organism. In theory life could have arisen through a similar self replicating molecule.

Prions are resistant to normal sterilization methods such as heat, radiation, and chemical treatments. They can survive in harsh conditions and are not easily destroyed.

Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce other proteins to misfold in a similar way. This can lead to the formation of aggregates in the brain, causing neurological dysfunction. These metabolic disruptions can impact cellular processes, energy metabolism, and ultimately lead to cell death.

Research on prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease focuses on understanding the mechanisms of prion protein misfolding and aggregation, developing diagnostic tools, identifying potential therapeutic targets, and exploring strategies for prevention and treatment. Studies also investigate the transmission of prion diseases between species and the potential risks related to food safety and public health.

They don't quite 'reproduce', propagate would be closer to the mark. Prions are 'rogue' proteins, versions of naturally occurring proteins with a different 3D structure.

They replicate in living host .

A prion is an infectious form of a protein that can cause other proteins to misfold in the brain, leading to neurological diseases. The body does not recognize prions as pathogens because they do not contain genetic material like viruses or bacteria, so the immune system does not mount a response against them.

Prions are abnormally folded proteins that are not recognized as foreign by the immune system, so there is no immune response targeted against them. Additionally, prions are not associated with pathogens like bacteria or viruses that would trigger an immune response. As a result, the body does not mount an immune response to destroy the toxic prion proteins.

The prion hypothesis has been controversial among scientists because it challenges the traditional understanding of infectious agents. Unlike bacteria or viruses, prions lack genetic material and replicate by inducing normal proteins to adopt a misfolded shape. This unique mode of transmission and the lack of a clear understanding of prion biology have led to skepticism and debate in the scientific community.

I have no idea so go ask someone else. The similarities between viroids and prions are that both are acellular pathogens, and do not grow and they differ in the sense that prions do not have nucleic acids while viroids have the nucleic acid,RNA.

Prions are infectious agents made up of misfolded proteins that can cause diseases in animals, including humans. They are not classified within any of the traditional biological kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, etc.) as they are considered to be non-living entities.