Space Shuttle

The "Ascent Guidance and Flight Control Training Manual," ASC G&C 2102,

says:

"During the vertical rise phase, the launch pad attitude is

commanded until an I-loaded V(rel) sufficient to assure launch tower

clearance is achieved. Then, the tilt maneuver (roll program)

orients the vehicle to a heads down attitude required to generate a

negative q-alpha, which in turn alleviates structural loading. Other

advantages with this attitude are performance gain, decreased abort

maneuver complexity, improved S-band look angles, and crew view of

the horizon. The tilt maneuver is also required to start gaining

downrange velocity to achieve the main engine cutoff (MECO) target

in second stage."

This really is a good answer, but it's couched in NASA jargon. I'll try

to interpret.

1) We wait until the Shuttle clears the tower before rolling.

2) Then, we roll the Shuttle around so that the angle of attack

between the wind caused by passage through the atmosphere (the

"relative wind") and the chord of the wings (the imaginary line

between the leading edge and the trailing edge) is a slightly

negative angle ("a negative q-alpha"). This causes a little bit of

"downward" force (toward the belly of the Orbiter, or the +Z

direction) and this force "alleviates structural loading."

We have to be careful about those wings -- they're about the

most "delicate" part of the vehicle.

3) The new attitude (after the roll) also allows us to carry more

mass to orbit, or to achieve a higher orbit with the same mass, or

to change the orbit to a higher or lower inclination than would be

the case if we didn't roll ("performance gain").

4) The new attitude allows the crew to fly a less complicated

flight path if they had to execute one of the more dangerous abort

maneuvers, the Return To Launch Site ("decreased abort maneuver

complexity").

5) The new attitude improves the ability for ground-based radio

antennae to have a good line-of-sight signal with the S-band radio

antennae on the Orbiter ("improved S-band look angles").

6) The new attitude allows the crew to see the horizon, which is a

helpful (but not mandatory) part of piloting any flying machine.

7) The new attitude orients the Shuttle so that the body is

more nearly parallel with the ground, and the nose to the east

(usually). This allows the thrust from the engines to add velocity

in the correct direction to eventually achieve orbit. Remember:

velocity is a vector quantity made of both speed and direction.

The Shuttle has to have a large horizontal component to its

velocity and a very small vertical component to attain orbit.

This all begs the question, "Why isn't the launch pad oriented to give

this nice attitude to begin with? Why does the Shuttle need to roll to

achieve that attitude?" The answer is that the pads were leftovers

from the Apollo days. The Shuttle straddles two flame trenches -- one

for the Solid Rocket Motor exhaust, one for the Space Shuttle Main

Engine exhaust. (You can see the effects of this on any daytime

launch. The SRM exhaust is dirty gray garbage, and the SSME exhaust is

fluffy white steam. Watch for the difference between the "top"

[Orbiter side] and the "bottom" [External Tank side] of the stack.) The

access tower and other support and service structure are all oriented

basically the same way they were for the Saturn V's. (A side note: the

Saturn V's also had a roll program. Don't ask me why -- I'm a Shuttle

guy.)

I checked with a buddy in Ascent Dynamics. He added that the "roll

maneuver" is really a maneuver in all three axes: roll, pitch and yaw.

The roll component of that maneuver is performed for the reasons

stated. The pitch component controls loading on the wings by keeping

the angle of attack (q-alpha) within a tight tolerance. The yaw

component is used to determine the orbital inclination. The total

maneuver is really expressed as a "quaternion," a grad-level-math

concept for combining all three rotation matrices in one four-element

array.

When a rocket launches, thrust is generated by the engine pushing against the ground, causing the rocket to move upwards. This thrust is produced by the combustion of fuel inside the rocket engine. Additionally, gravity acts on the rocket, pulling it down towards the Earth, while air resistance creates drag forces that the rocket must overcome.

Here's one wild and crazy idea: Why not ask her some questions about things

that you're interested in, things that you're curious about, things that you want

to know, things that your friends want to know.

If you run dry, you can always go to the standard softball list: Did you want

to be an astronaut when you were a little girl ? What was your first mission ?

What has been your favorite mission ? How did it feel ? What have your missions

accomplished ?

But personally, I would recommend against those. The same ones will be on everybody

else's list, and these are questions that you could ask ANY famous space woman.

You need questions that can be answered ONLY by Sunita Williams. Of course,

you may have to spend some time READING ( ! :-( ! ) about her before you can

think of those. Sorry. That's how interviewing works.

The space shuttle typically landed at a speed of around 200-225 miles per hour (320-360 kilometers per hour). The exact speed varied depending on factors such as the size of the payload and weather conditions.

Being at least 6 miles away from a space shuttle launch is for safety reasons. During launch, there can be debris and toxic gases that can be harmful if you are too close. The 6-mile distance ensures that spectators are at a safe distance in case of any malfunctions or accidents.

Yuri Gagarin was the first human to travel into space on April 12, 1961. He was a Soviet astronaut. Alan Shepard was the first American astronaut in space on May 5, 1961, as part of the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission.

A spaceship is propelled through space using rocket engines that expel gases at high speeds to create thrust. The principle of action and reaction, as described by Newton's third law of motion, is what propels the spaceship forward.

This is a very general question.

There are a wide variety of spaceship engines which utilise a wide range of differing mechanisms in which to propel a spacecraft.

In general spaceships engines 'work' by using Newtons Third Law which states:

For every action, there is an equal and opposite re-action.

This means that if a spaceship engine produces an exhaust that leaves the spaceship, then the spaceship's engine and hence the spaceship will be pushed in the opposite direction.

The American Space Shuttle's main engines and its RCS (reaction control system) operate in this manner.

There are some variation in spaceship engine designs, for example Project Orion was a nuclear engine design which would fire nuclear bombs out of the rear of the spaceship (0.15 KT bombs for the 4000 ton spaceship design).

Whilst the firing of the nuclear bomb out of the back of the spaceship would provide a tiny bit of thrust, the majority of this engines thrust was provided when the bomb exploded 200 feet from the spaceship.

The blast wave from the explosion would hit the rear of the spaceship on a specially designed 'pusher plate' and the force of the plasma wave hitting this pusher plate moved the spaceship forward.

Project Orion never proceeded beyond a few small chemical explosive based prototypes due to concerns over the use of nuclear weapons inside the Earths atmosphere but I have included as an example of how varied some spaceship engines can be.

The last ever space shuttle to be launched was launched on 9/7/11. America have stopped making them because it is too expensive for them.

Orbital times vary as a function of the height of the orbiting vehicle or object. The higher its altitude, the longer it takes to make an orbit. The ISS and space shuttle are in low earth orbit and take approximately ninety minutes to complete one orbit.

No shuttles have blown up in space. The Challenger disintegrated after launch on Jan 28, 1986 and the Columbia disintegrated during re-entry on Feb 1, 2003. Both were in the earth's atmosphere when they disintegrated.

Launching the space shuttle program cost approximately $450 million per mission. However, the space shuttle program has been retired, and new space missions are now using alternative spacecraft such as SpaceX's Crew Dragon or NASA's SLS.

Nine. Challenger exploded 73 seconds into its tenth flight.

Atlantis was first launched on 3 October 1985. It returned to Earth on 7 October 1985.

Endeavour was the fifth and final space shuttle to be built.

The fourth space shuttle was Space Shuttle Atlantis, which was first launched on October 3, 1985. Atlantis flew a total of 33 missions before being retired in 2011.

NASA's third space shuttle was space shuttle "Discovery." It completed its first mission on August 30, 1984, launching the three-part communication satellite Syncom IV-2 (also known as Leasat 2). Discovery went on to complete a total of 39 missions before its retirement in 2011.

The first space shuttle to reach Earth's orbit was the Space Shuttle Columbia, which completed its maiden flight on April 12, 1981.

The Space Shuttle "Challenger" , The 25th flight of the Space Shuttle Program , exploded 73 seconds into the flight when the O-RING (the ring at the bottom of the rocket booster) broke apart when the icy temperature caused it's pliability (stretchiness) to fail , causing it to interfere with the rest of the Space Shuttle , obviously causing a explosion . Unfortunately, All of the seven crew died in this situation .

The space shuttle that NASA puts up leaves from the Kennedy Space Center (next door to Cape Canaveral) in Florida. It is the only place with large enough facilities to assemble, transport and launch this massive vehicle. Launch Complex 39, the old Apollo staging area, was refitted to handle the big rig. You need links, and we got 'em. They're to related articles posted by our friends at Wikipedia, where knowledge is free.

with lance Armstrong being the first women on the moon

It was Neil Armstrong that was the first man on the moon. And the space shuttle began because they needed something that was reusable and only needed to enter earths low earth orbit.

The space shuttle that exploded in 2003 was the Space Shuttle Columbia. It disintegrated upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, tragically resulting in the loss of all seven crew members aboard.

The Apollo Command Module and Lunar Landing Module were launched using a Saturn V

rocket

The space shuttle typically takes about 30 minutes to land once it begins its descent from orbit. The landing process involves various maneuvers and adjustments to slow down the shuttle's speed and guide it safely back to Earth.