Spinal Cord

These are called efferent neurons. The one that carry impulses away are afferent. Afferent (A) are away (A).

The meninges (from the Greek meninx, meaning "membrane") cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. The meninges have three layers: 1) the dura mater, 2) the arachnoid, and 3) the pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer covering the central nervous system. The arachnoid (from the Greek arachne, meaning "spider") is a web-like network of collagen and elastic fibers. The innermost layer of the meninges is the pia mater. The pia mater is firmly attached to the neural tissue of the spinal cord and brain. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the pia matter and the arachnoid membrane. Most of the blood vessels that supply blood to the central nervous system are in the pia mater.

Lateral

somatosensory cortex

The most superior boundary of the spinal cord is the foramen magnum.

interneurons also called central or association neurons

nerves.. NERVES RELAY ALL MESSAGES TO THE BRAIN WHICH THEN THE BRAIN SENDS INFORMATION BACK THROUGH THE NERVES TO THE WHOLE BODY

the brain and the spinal cord work together how well the spinal cord helps send the messages your brain wants you to do, however if your spinal cord gets damaged the messages wouldn't go threw your body.

a high pitched sound

There are many: more specificity would help, but they are called: C1 (cervical 1), C2, C3, C4, C5, T1 (thoracic1), T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, L1 (lumbar1) L2, L3, L4, L5. This takes you from the base of the skull to the coccix (tailbone).

do you mean dorsal or ventral horn?

ventral (closest to belly) contain fibres going out to the body, so ones terminating in tissues

dorsal (closest to back) contains fibres travelling from the body towards the CNS, carrying sensory information

grey matter is made of neurons (their cell bodies) white matter consists of axons (their processes)

white matter is white due to the fatty protein rich myelin which coats the processes but not the cell body

The central canal of the spinal cord. The central canal, also known as ependymal canal, is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord.

The spinal cord is covered within a triple sheath of membrane tissue, and is enclosed in the neural canal which runs through the vertabrae (backbones) from the base of the skull to the lower back. The vertebrae are tightly surrounded by the strong ligaments and muscles.

The spinal cord is attached to the brain stem located at the base of the brain. This stem is connected to the cerebellum.

because during the growth of human beings the vertebral column outgrows the spinal chord. that's why we don't find the spinal cord starting from lower lumbar region where lumbar puncture is done.

The arteriies are: The sticular, Deference, and Cremasteric.

The nn. are : the nerve to the Cremasteric artery (from genital branch of the Genitaofemoral nerve) and the Sympathetic nerve.

Vas Deference, correspondi vv., Pampiniform Plexus, the lymphatic vessels and the Process vaginalis

Thanks. Please check the above against the Gray's Anatomy. After fifty years of practice, I still use the Gray's Anatomy for guidance and reference.

The idea of importance is , have a basic knowledge, look very carefully, don't ligate nor cut anything at all unneccessary; put everything back in a normal anatomic order , make sure not to twist them, attain hemostasis without creating much tissue strangulated by the sutures.

hjc

The boney structures are the Vertebral Foramina. The spine is "divided" into the Cervical Spine (neck), the Thoracic Spine (chest & Ribs), Lumbar spine (lower back) anc Coccyx, or "tailbone".

myelogram, but being replaced by CT scan and MRI's

White and grey matter are essentially made up of bundles of nerve fibers (called neurons) that convey nerve impulses between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. The major difference between white and gray matter within the spinal cord is that white matter is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers, while the nerve fibers of gray matter are not. Myelinated nerve cells tremendously increase the speed at which the action potential (nerve impulse) moves along the neurons axon. The job of the neurons that make up white matter is to either convey an action potential from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system, or, from the central nervous system out to an effector (such as a muscle or tissue). These neurons are called sensory neurons and motor neurons respectively. Gray matter consists of unmyelinated neurons, called interneurons. Their main duty is to provide communication between the peripheral and central nervous systems. Think of interneurons as a bridge linking two regions together. For unmyelinated neurons, the speed at which an action potential can propagate down the cell's axon is far less than that of the myelinated neurons of white matter.

Mixed Nerves

PG 161 IN THE BODY STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS TENTH EDITION

they don't sing like male frogs do if that's what you're asking

The spinal cord exits the skull via the foramen magnum.

The dorsal cavity of the body contains the brain and spinal cord, which are considered the Central Nervous System. The same neurons that make up the brain also make up the spinal cord. The only difference is that the neurons in the brain :like a pony tail of hair" only differentiate as a result of their job; as a transmitter or a receptor,