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The address operand of an instruction is typically copied into the instruction register (IR) during the instruction fetch phase of the instruction cycle. From the IR, the operand can be accessed by the control unit or the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for execution. In some architectures, the address operand may also be stored in specific registers, depending on the instruction type and the addressing mode used.
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List and briefly define the possible states that define an instruction execution?
The possible states that define an instruction execution are as follows: Instruction address calculation - Determine the address of the next instruction to be executed. Instruction fetch - Read instruction from its memory location into the processor. Instruction operation decoding - Analyze instruction to determine type of operation to be performed and operand to be used. Operand address calculation - If the operation involves reference to an operand in memory or available via I/O, then determine the address of the operand. Operand fetch - Fetch the operand from memory or read it in from I/O. Data operation - Perform the operation indicated in the instruction. Operand store - Write the result into memory or out to I/O.
What is the difference between operand and opcode?
op code is used as the value of instruction . And operand is address location where the instruction can meet.
If the instruction contain four addresses what might be the purpose of each address?
1st address for operand. 2nd address for another operand. 3rd address for store the result. 4th address for next instruction.
Instruction cycle with indirect?
In an instruction cycle with indirect addressing, the CPU fetches the instruction, decodes it to determine the memory address of the operand stored in a register, fetches the operand from the memory location pointed to by the register, and executes the instruction using the operand. Finally, the CPU stores the result back in memory if needed. This extra step of fetching the operand based on the indirect memory address adds complexity to the instruction cycle.
Advantages of an Accumulator based CPU?
[1] the accumulator is meant to be an operand. so there is no requirement for the operand address field for one operand in the instruction. this results in short of CPU supports zero address instructions. Normally CPUs have two types of instructions:1)zero address2)single addressthe single address instruction have one operand in main memory and the other in accumulator.[2] instruction cycle takes less time. it saves time in instruction fetching due to the absence of operand fetching due to the absence of operand fetch.
What is an address bus in a microprocessor?
The address bus is a section of the bus that emits the address of the desired instruction or operand.
What is the difference between a direct and indirect address instruction how many references to memory are needed for each type of instruction to bring an operand into a processor register?
Direct address instructions specify the memory location of the operand directly within the instruction itself, requiring only one memory reference to fetch the operand. In contrast, indirect address instructions specify a memory location that contains the address of the operand, necessitating two memory references: one to retrieve the address and another to fetch the operand itself. Therefore, direct addressing is more efficient in terms of memory access.
What are operands?
Every instruction contains to parts: operation code[opcode],and operand. The first part of an instruction which specifies the task to be performed by the computer is called opcode. The second part of the instruction is the data to be operated on.,and it is called operand. The operand[or data]given in the instruction may be in various forms such as 8-bit or 16-bit data, 8-bit or 16-bit address, internal register or a register or memory location.
What is the difference between three address instruction and two address instruction?
the differebce between three address instruction and two address instruction is three adresss instructoion two address instruction 1) here 3 oprarend fields are used 1) here 2 oprerand fields are used 2) the result is stored in 3rd operand 2) here the result is stored in 2nd oparend
What is 6 stage instruction pipelining?
1. FI (fetch instruction) - get the next instruction 2. DI (decode instruction) - decode the opcode and operands 3. CO (calculate operands) - calculate EA of the operands 4. FO (fetch operands) - fetch operands from memory (not necessary for register data) 5. EI (execute instruction) - execute instruction storing result if necessary 6. WO (write operand) - write the result in MEM
Which two additional steps are required in the instruction execution when a memory operand is used?
When a memory operand is used in instruction execution, two additional steps are required: first, the effective address must be calculated to locate the data in memory. Second, the data at that calculated address must be fetched from memory into a register or the CPU for processing before executing the instruction. These steps are essential to ensure that the CPU has the correct data to operate on.
What is the need of addressing mode?
The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how machine language instructions in that architecture identify the operand (or operands) of each instruction. An addressing mode specifies how to calculate the effective memory address of an operand by using information held in registers and/or constants contained within a machine instruction or elsewhere.
