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There are restrictions on the number of people who may live on Norfolk Island, and the permanent population is limited, due to the size of the island. The permanent population remains under 2000. The size of the island, the limited capacity for primary production and the limited availability of water would ultimately define the number of people the island could support.

Even though Norfolk Island is a territory of Australia, Australian citizens cannot simply decide to move there as they move interstate. Having said that, however, Norfolk Island has an Immigration regime that is to some extent separate from Australia and this allows people to settle on the island subject to certain criteria. Norfolk Island is a self-governed external Australian Territory and the majority of residents hold Australian citizenship. Descendants of the Bounty Mutineers who were resettled onto Norfolk Island from Pitcairn Island in 1856 make up a substantial proportion of the population. Norfolk Island's Pitcairn culture and natural environment are protected, and this means there are some restrictions on entry and residence. Even Australian citizens must have a passport to enter the territory.

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