By sailing vessels or by roads or both, depending on their location. Their empire stretched for about 5,000 km from Libya to Central Asia, some accessible by sea or river, some inland by road.
Chicago and Los Angeles
The initial Persian expansion was against the cities of Mesopotamia.
The royal road
The three cities are Istanbul, Turkey Marseille, France Naples, Italy
They incorporated the Greek cities in Asia Minor and the Islands into their empire. The mother cities in mainland Greece interfered on the side of these cities against the Persians who decided to bring those mainland cities within the em pire to create an ethnic frontier. This attempt failed.
Canadians built their major highways east to west in the southern part of the country to facilitate transportation and trade between provinces and to connect major cities. These highways were strategically placed to accommodate the movement of goods and people efficiently, supporting economic development and integration across regions.
The battle of Ephesus was in Asia Minor in 498 BCE involving the Persians and the Ionian Greek cities supported by Eretria and Athens from mainland Greece. The Persians won.
By sea wherever possible, and by building roads in the interior.
Persians were not seafarera. The Persian navy compised contingents from Phoenicia, Egypt and the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands.
The Persians wanted peace and prosperity in their empire. It included the Greek cities of Asia Minor, who were restive and were stirred up and supported by Greek cities of mainland Greece. The Persians concluded that the only way to get peace was to incorporate the mainland Greek cities in their empire and appoint Greek tyrants to each city to keep them quiet. Some of the cities joined the Persians, the southern city-states resisted, putting aside temporarily their usual fighting between themselves and spent 50 years warding off the Persian Empire. The Persians became tired of this and agreed to stay out of Greece, and left the Greek cities to go back to their usual fighting amongst each other. Athens kept hold of the Greek cities which had supported them in the defence against the Persian Empire and converted them into an empire of its own.
The major battle was with the Persians for Kandahar-The Mughal-Safavid War.
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