How did the protestant reformation affect northern Europe and catholic countries of southern Europe differently?

Answer 1

The Protestant Reformation primarily impacted northern Europe by promoting the establishment of Protestantism, leading to significant religious, political, and social changes as regions like Germany and Scandinavia embraced Lutheranism and Calvinism. In contrast, Catholic countries in southern Europe, such as Spain and Italy, largely resisted these reforms, reinforcing Catholic traditions and practices. This divergence resulted in increased religious conflicts in the north, while the south experienced a consolidation of Catholic power, culminating in the Counter-Reformation efforts to reaffirm Catholic doctrine. Ultimately, the Reformation contributed to a lasting cultural and religious divide across the continent.