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The European partitioning of Africa during the late 19th and early 20th centuries often ignored existing ethnic, cultural, and social boundaries, leading to arbitrary borders that grouped diverse groups together or split cohesive communities apart. This created tensions and rivalries among different ethnic groups, often exacerbated by colonial policies that favored certain groups over others. After independence, these unresolved conflicts and divisions often erupted into civil wars as newly formed states struggled to establish unity and governance amidst deep-seated grievances. The legacy of colonialism, combined with economic struggles and political instability, further fueled these violent conflicts.

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