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During the Dark Ages of ancient Greece, the two were indistinguishable. Small city-states that we know very little about with complex tribal beliefs and a king called a basileus.

During the Archaic Period, however, the two developed into distinct types of city-state. Athens went from an autocracy to democracy, and Sparta grew into an empire based on the principles of an autocratic meritocracy with a military focus. All Spartan men were citizens, and all Spartan citizens were highly-trained soldiers.

While Athens boasted the best navy, Sparta had some of the best foot soldiers the ancient world had ever seen.

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