The state: Israel. The most important city: Jerusalem.
Jerusalem is the center of Judaism. It is important to Jews because it was chosen by God (Zechariah 3:2). It was the site of the Akeidah (Binding of Isaac, in Genesis ch.22) and was later the seat of the Davidic Kings, when King David, Israel's greatest king, founded the dynasty that ruled Judah for much of its history, making Jerusalem the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel during his reign and that of his son, King Solomon.
Most importantly, it was the location of the First and Second Temples, where offerings were made to God and where His presence dwelt in the Holy of Holies (1 Kings ch.8).
Judaism came from the Land of Israel, but not from any specific city.
City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism was created in 1991.
In 2010, Judaism is practiced in at least 135 countries of the world. Its adherents number about 0.2% of the world's population. There is no country in the world where Judaism is the official state religion. Yes, I know about Israel. The statement is still true.
The last state directly caused by Judaism was the Hasmonean Kingdom in Israel over 2000 years ago. Jews are responsible for the creation of the Modern State of Israel, but that country's government (though Judaism flourishes there) has little to do with religious Judaism.
Yes. For Judaism, see: Jerusalem in Judaism.
No. Mecca is a Moslem city. The holy city of Judaism is Jerusalem, where the Holy Temple stood for centuries. See the attached Related Link.
Country-Israel.
Judaism is a religion, not a country or state, and therefore does not have any economy.
No, Jerusalem is.
Jerusalem is considered the most central city in Judaism. The temple once stood on Mount Moriah and it is a basic tenent of Judaism that it will once again be rebuilt. All prayers are recited facing Jerusalem. Jerusalem is the capital city of Israel.
I guess Judaism "dominates" in Israel, but that is only because it is a Jeiwsh state.
Judaism tells of it's founder, Abraham, living in the city of Ur, which was a major city-state in ancient Mesopotamia around 4,000 B.C., which could be your answer. However, as an organized religion, one might say that Judaism gained it's true beginning in Jerusalem.