The Malay world fell to foreign traders largely due to its strategic location along vital maritime trade routes, which attracted European powers seeking control over lucrative spice and trade markets. The fragmented political landscape, characterized by smaller and often competing sultanates, made it easier for foreign traders to establish dominance. In contrast, mainland Southeast Asia had more centralized states with stronger military and political structures, allowing them to resist colonization and maintain their independence longer. Additionally, the inland geography of mainland regions provided natural defenses against maritime incursions.
how could the countries of the muslim world have retained their independent status
Edmund Burke
No, but parts of southeast London used to be in Kent and have still retained the word 'Kent' in their postal address.
Timor in Southeast Asia as a colony. The Portuguese retained control of Timor until the 20th century when it was occupied by Japan during World War II. After the war, it was divided between Indonesia and East Timor, leading to a long and bloody struggle for independence for East Timor, which finally gained full independence in 2002.
1. The many empires and Kingdoms of Southeast Asia were both similar and different. Buddhism was one of many exports from India that had a profound effect on the peoples of Southeast Asia. Located between China and India, the region known today as Southeast Asia was strongly influenced by both of these powerful neighbors. Even so, the distinct cultures of Southeast Asia retained their own unique identities.
Retained
If the countries of the Islamic World had retained ideological support for scientific and technological progress, such as they had had during the Islamic Golden Age, they could have remained militarily and economically competitive with Europe. This would have allowed them to prevent Europeans from colonizing them.
Plymouth Colony retained its independence for over 70 years, and by 1691 its population exceeded 7,000.
The first war of Cuban independence from Spain (1868-1878). Spain won and retained the island 20 years more.
Britain took control of Egypt in 1882 but then relinquished most control in 1992 by issuing Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence. Britain still retained some control over its former protectorate, and Egypt officially declared its independence during the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
When America defeated the declining Spanish Empire in the Spanish-American War, we took over control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands. We quickly gave Cuba autonomy, and the Philippines were slowly granted independence as well. The US has retained possession of Puerto Rico and Guam.
The political entities of Africa decreased by the colonization of the Eurpeon countries and America (The political entities are the native countries that had retained their independance during the orignal colonization in 1880). Eventually only 3% of African still held independent countries by 1914. The other countries lost their rights and freedmon to other countries.