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Answer 1

The First and Second Temples in Jerusalem were where offerings were made to God. His presence dwelt in the Holy of Holies and was manifested in a number of miracles (Mishna, Avos ch.5). It was where Jews would go three times a year to celebrate the holiest festivals. Even after the destruction of the Temple, the Temple Mount and adjacent Western ("Wailing") Wall is the holiest site in Judaism.

It is hoped and prophesied (Ezekiel ch.40-44) that one day a third temple will be rebuilt in Jerusalem and that the Messiah will come to it. Jerusalem is the first place on Earth where the spirit of God dwelt, is considered sacred, and a direct link to God.

Answer 2

The significance of the Jewish Great Temples, like those of any religion, does not come the stones from which it is hewn, the people that populate it, the gold and metals that ornamented it, or any other physical characteristic. The Jews venerated the Temple because it was the way that they believed (and still believe) they can best interact and connect to the Divine Presence. The Temple allows for Jews to conduct additional commandments and further elevate their spirituality. The Temple was also a symbol for the unity of the Jewish people and of the singularity of God.

Answer 3

It was where the Jews went to worship God and it was the place of God's presence (Deuteronomy ch. 12).

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