Most of the information about the sun is obtained using a spectroscope; this analyses the light from the sun and by looking at the peaks in the spectrum, its possible to deduce the elements that are involved in the fusion reaction in the sun. By seeing how the peaks have shifted its possible to determine how fast the sun is moving relative to the sun. Helium was, in fact, discovered on the sun using this technique before its discovery on Earth. By calculating the mass of the Earth and knowing the distance to the sun, its possible to calculate the mass of the sun. By examining other stars in the galaxy, its possible to see how our sun compares with other stars; for example, our sun is brighter than 85% of stars in the galaxy. One nice little fact; the only way known to create "heavy" elements - such as carbon and oxygen is inside stars, so we are made from star dust.
Scientists gather information about the sun using telescopes and spacecrafts equipped with specialized instruments such as spectrographs, coronagraphs, and magnetographs. They study the sun's surface, atmosphere, and magnetic field to gain insights into its behavior and processes. Data collected from these observations help scientists understand phenomena like solar flares, sunspots, and solar wind.
Scientists did not find the sun. The sun has been visible to mankind since the dawn of time.
Scientists get information from research, observations, experiments, and other scientists.
Scientists estimate the central temperature of the Sun using models that consider the balance between the Sun's gravitational contraction and nuclear fusion processes happening in its core. They use this information, along with measurements of the Sun's energy output and properties, to calculate a central temperature in the range of about 15 million degrees Celsius.
Its called a telescope!
Astronomers create mathematical models that use the laws of physics, the Sun's observed composition and mass, and computers to predict internal conditions. By measuring Doppler shifts, we observe vibrations of the Sun's surface that are created deep within the Sun.
I don't think there is anything we can do if the Sun were to die.
Theoretically, scientist do not know what the sun looks like through this perspective. The only way to know is to actually be there. However, research using inductive and deductive empirical reasoning to make accurate assumptions.
Data.
Information has ovation.
Scientists approximate the sun will die in about 10,000,000 years.
The method used to calculate the mass of the sun is by observing the orbits of planets and other celestial bodies around it, and applying Newton's law of universal gravitation to determine the gravitational force exerted by the sun. This information, along with the distance of the objects from the sun, allows scientists to calculate the mass of the sun.