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Lincoln couldn't declare war, because that would mean recognising the Confederacy as a sovereign nation.

But he responded to the firing on Fort Sumter by calling for new volunteer-troops - which was the equivalent.

Nothing much happened for a few weeks. A small Union victory in Western Virginia was blown up by the press into a major triumph, and Congress started to demand a big march on Richmond.

In July, the luckless General McDowell had to lead the advance into Virginia, knowing that his army was not ready for operations. The Confederates won the ensuing battle, but were not able to pursue and destroy the Union army.

It would be another seven months before anything significant happened, and that would be in the West.

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