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Charlemagne united his empire through a combination of military conquests, strategic marriages, and the spread of Christianity. He expanded his territory by defeating various tribes and consolidating power over much of Western Europe, including the Lombards, Saxons, and Avars. Additionally, he fostered loyalty among his subjects by promoting the Carolingian Renaissance, which emphasized learning and culture, and by establishing a system of local governance through counts and bishops. His coronation as Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 further legitimized his authority and symbolized the union of church and state.

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2w ago

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