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The aristocratic Council on the Areopagus had assumed leadership of the city to meet the Persian invasion of 480-479 BCE. When this was repulsed, and with ongoing fighting against Persia now led by Athens, the Council retained control. Twenty years later, with the Persians decisively driven back, Ephialtes organised the disempowerment of the Council and established a moderate democratic assembly to govern. He was assassinated for that, and his deputy Pericles took over, widening the power of the assembly to create a radical democracy where the citizens in assembly directed all facets of governance and an elected council carried out their directions.

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