How did powerful European states respond to the growth of nationalism during the 19th and earty 20th centuries?

Answer 1

Powerful European states responded to the growth of nationalism in the 19th and early 20th centuries through a mix of repression and accommodation. Some governments attempted to suppress nationalist movements using force, as seen in Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, where they sought to maintain control over diverse ethnic groups. Conversely, other states, like France and Germany, embraced nationalism to unify their populations, often promoting national identity through education and cultural policies. Ultimately, the rise of nationalism contributed to tensions that led to conflicts, including World War I.