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Jewish names traditionally do not have surnames, just first name 'son of ('ben' in Hebrew)' father's name. So the Bal Shem Tov's name was Israel ben (son of, not short for 'Benjamin'!) Eliezer. Of course, Jews adopted the lcoal naming conventions of tehir coutryand time as well as the authorities and neighbours expected it, but the traditional form is still used for all religious purposes.

The Arab equivalen to 'ben' is 'ibn', used in the same way.

The same system was used in many societies before they became large, centralised and bureucratic. In Britain, the Norman Domesday Book 'census' turned many 'son of' names to permanent surnames: Michael 'son of John' became Michael Johnson. (Much later, 'sons of Sean or Shane' in Ireland also became Johnson when their names were Anglicised).

Other 'son of' names in the British Isles were 'Mc/Mac' (Scotland), Fitz (England); the prefix 'O' in Ireland means grandson (apparently).

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Q: Did the Baal Shem Tov have a surname?
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