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If the browser gets the file from a web server, the web server sends a small header in addition to the file, and the header specifies the "content type" of the file.
A web page is HTML, and has the content type "text/html", while a file with just text would have content type "text/plain".
Some browsers will also look at the file content and try to guess whether it's a web page, so it can display it as a web page even if the server sent the wrong content type.
If the browser reads the file from the file system, it normally looks at the file name extension, like ".htm" or ".html" means it's a web page. This is the same mechanism the operating system uses to know for example which files are Word documents and which files are movies.
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