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How does one determine the maximum energy to which a deuteron can be accelerated in a cyclotron?
Wiki User
∙ 15y ago
The final energy attained by a deuteron undergoing cyclotron acceleration depends on the design of the cyclotron. In some machines the final energy may be as low as 3MeV whilst in others, 25MeV. Above 25MeV reletavistic effects kick-in and the cyclotron needs to be more sophisticated in its design.
It does depend on the cyclotron. Theres actually an equation for that. It takes into account the maximum radius of the orbit of the particles and the wavelength of the accelerating voltage. So for a given cyclotron with exactly specified values for radius and wavelength, the maximum kinetic energy of a particle depends on its rest energy and, hence, its rest mass.
But heres an easy way to figure it out: If a given cyclotron can accelerate protons to an energy of say, 2 MeV, then deuterons can be accelerated to 4 MeV. Multiply by a factor of 2.
Wiki User
∙ 15y ago
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Actually, electrons can be accelerated by a cyclotron. But we usually don't do that. We could chat about what the cyclotron is and what it is used for, but there is another question (link provided) that deals with the cyclotron. So lets back up just a bit to review some physics. You already know this stuff, so no worries. Electrons are really light compared to protons. The proton is over 1800 times more massive than the electron. No wonder the atom has almost all its mass in the nucleus. Focus on the electron. Electrons have so little mass that we can accelerate them to extremely high velocities with just high voltage. An X-ray tube does this. Apply a few tens of thousands of volts to electrons and then slam then into a metal target to generate the required X-rays. Piece of cake. Ah! Slamming stuff into other stuff! That's the ticket! It's all about bustin' stuff. Bustin' atoms. But when we slam electrons into atoms, they don't really react with the nuclei as often as we'd like. Think about it. The incoming electron has to get through the electon cloud of a given atom to have a chance of interacting with its nucleus. Fat chance. Oh, it can happen, but it is a "low probability" event. Very low. And even if you could hit an atomic nucleus with an electron, so what? It'd be like hitting a brick wall with a ping pong ball. So how do we smash atomic nuclei? Use different bullets, that's how. Protons make better bullets for smashing atomic nuclei than electrons. And it's 'cause a proton is heavy. It will cut through the electron clouds of atoms in a target material like a hot knife through butter. Better, actually. Instead of slamming a ping pong ball into that brick wall, how about using something like a shot put! Bam! We don't fire up a cyclotron to accelerate electrons to do atom smashing. That's inefficient. We use protons for bullets. We can also use protons with an attached neutron, like from heavy water. And we can also use light nuclei, too. Imagine a helium nucleus. It's got two protons and two neutrons (most of the time). We can take helium and strip off the two electrons and use that nucleus (which is an alpha particle) to smash stuff! Bam! Now we're talkin' atom smasher! Bigger bullets!
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