A modem. However, there is a card that can connect computers trough telephone or Cable Television lines, too.
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Modem Card
You've answered your own question. The device is called a Modem (Modulator demodulator).Some computers needed a separate device, later ones had the modem built in and only needed a telephone cord, between the computer and the phone socket.These days broadband is used. The computer's Local Area Network (LAN) socket is connected through a device called an ADSL (Asynchros Digital Subscriber Line) Router.This needs to connect through a filter to the telephone line, to stop interference on the telephone, which can be used at the same time.
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DATA Transmission is done through SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) & PPP (Point to Point Protocol) Protocols to enable computers to interact with Internet over Telephone Line.
A telephone is a device that transmits a person's voice through wires (or through fiber optic cables) over long distances, enabling that person to speak to another person who also has a telephone. The telephone is a much earlier and more basic invention than the computer, and indeed, computers use the existing system of telephone wires for their own long distance communication purposes.
A wireless router bridge connects multiple LANs to speed up your computing. It enlarges the network so you have more computers to communicate with. If you are good with computers, there are how to guides on the web to guide you through the install process.
Yes, bits are transmitted through televison, just like any other computer storage file.
I'm pretty sure LAN's are a group of computers connected to each other through routers/modems or ethernet cables. The internet it similar to LAN's but instead of connecting to other computers close by, it connects to computers all around the world.
If you mean can you network computer to computer through a phone line, adhock, then if both computers have a dial up modem then yes. It's kind of a pain tho, and not every modem could do it. If you mean connect to another computer via internet over a phone line then yes if it has a dial up modem. DSL does use the phone line for access to the DSL modem.
An IP telephone looks just like a regular telephone, but instead of having a regular phone connector it has a place for an ethernet connection. An IP telephone connects directly to a router and already has all the software and components to handle a phone call, just like a regular phone. Phone calls placed with an IP telephone are routed over the internet instead of through a phone line.