These individuals as a group are known as the SAHABA or Apostles of Muhammad. The regime that they founded was called the RIGHTLY-GUIDED CALIPHATE or RASHIDUN CALIPHATE.
The first Caliph was called Khalifa Tur Rasool. The next Caliphs were called Khalif a Tul Muslimeen or Ameerul Muslimeen.
Caliph (or Khalifa in Arabic)
it was divided by disagreements over which muslims should be leaders
Asika Muhammad
By the time Muhammad died, ALL of Arabia was either directly controlled by the Islamic Empire or was in vassalage to the Islamic Empire. It was only when Caliph Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad that some of the Sheikhs questioned whether they were part of the Islamic Empire in perpetuity. The Ridda Wars, where Abu Bakr forcibly reunited Arabia under the Green Flag, ended that question affirmatively for the Muslims.
it was divided by disagreements over which muslims should be leaders
the caliphs were Muhammad's successors, when Muhammad died there was turmoil between who had the right to succeed him...this started the sunni/ shia split
The successors of the Prophet Muhammad ruled as both religious and political leaders, and by the prophet's teachings of unharsh and fair ruling, which caused the Muslims in the Islamic empire to stay united after the death of the Prophet and also expand the empire.
The successors of the Prophet Muhammad ruled as both religious and political leaders, and by the prophet's teachings of unharsh and fair ruling, which caused the Muslims in the Islamic empire to stay united after the death of the Prophet and also expand the empire.
How were lands that were once part of the Byzantine Empire added to the Islamic world?
The city, Medina, was first to be a part of the Islamic empire. It had been there at Muhammad's death.
Of course, he was the founder of the Islamic Empire, before the foundation of the first Islamic state by him, Arabs had not central government, instead there was a tribal system, that is, a lot of tribes and every tribe had a chief man.
APEX: The Islamic Empire directly governed the people it controlled, but the Roman Catholic Church relied only on its influence with rulers.