Light's speed is a constant, but it appears to slow down in any media. Everything through which light might have to travel will cause it to appear to slow down. And it isn't necessarly associated with the density of a medium, but its refractive index. Let's set that aside and tackle the question. Why does light appear to slow down in a medium? Let's look at the medium and how light interacts with it. Air, glass, water, plastic or anything else is composed of atoms or molecules. These structures, though they are so small we almost cannot directly observe them (except perhaps with a quantum mechanical tunneling microscope), present a huge obstacle to the light photons. Recall that light, though it is electromagnetic energy, has what is called particle-wave duality, and it can appear to be a particle (with zero mass) as well as a wave. The photon is even more tiny than the atom. Remember atomic structure? Let's look. An atom is a nucleus of some kind with an electron or electrons whizzing around it. It is the electrons that define the "skin" or the "outer boundary" of the atom. The outside perimeter of the electron cloud is the "fence" around the space the atom occupies. And the electrons mean business. The prevent other atoms from "moving into" their space. And the electrons are in motion all the time, sorta like they are on patrol in their orbitals. What happens when a photon shows up? A photon, which is electromagnetic energy, interacts with the electrons in the atoms of the medium through which it is trying to make its way. Each medium treats light differently (and a given medium treats different wavelengths of light differently, too!), and this results in the photons kind of "bouncing there way" through the medium. The speed of the photons, the speed of the light, is constant, but the "delay" introduced by interference caused by the electrons of the atoms and/or molecules of the medium through which it is traveling makes it appear to slow down. The photons have interacted with the electrons of the atoms in the medium and slowed the passage of light through the medium without actually slowing up the light itself. There is a bit more to this, but it isn't practical to conduct a course in quantum electrodynamics here. The long and short of it is that the light interacts with the electrons of the atoms in the medium through which it's moving, being absorbed and re-emitted as it goes.
The refractive index of a medium is its optical density. As it gets denser, light travels slower and vice versa. That's why light travels slower in glass rather than air, because glass is the relatively denser medium (having a higher refractive index than air).
Light travels at the speed of light. There is no general velocity of light because velocity is a vector quantity, it also contains a direction and there is no preferred direction for light rays in general. Another answer: The speed of light has been calculated to be 186,000 miles per second.
angle of refraction will also decrease as according to laws of refractio sin i/sin r= constant (CONSTANT IS THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MEDIUM).
The same.
The escape velocity of a black hole is equal or greater than the speed of light, so light cannot escape
It seems that you have not got a hold on refraction yet. Refraction occurs when a light is moving from one kind of medium to another kind. Now the slower the light moves more is the refraction. In fact refraction occurs due to change in the velocity of light in different mediums. When light moves from a rarer medium to a denser medium like say from air to glass, The speed of light decreases and the light moves towards the normal. A part of the light gets reflected back into the air as it falls on a denser medium. The reflection you see in the mirror is not perfect as due to the thickness of the glass most of the light refracts and some reflects.
its frequency remains constant but velocity changes.
There is no average velocity of light. Within a given medium, the velocity of light is fixed and absolute. In a vacuum, it is approximately 3.0 x 108 m/s, or 186,000 miles per second. It would be somewhat slower through denser media like water and glass.
Light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium because you did not close your curtains. It then passed through the denser window glass into the rarer air outside. The people outside the house saw you running your finger around the bottom of the cake getting a little of the icing.
The speed of light and all other electromagnetic wavelengths in vacuum (empty space) is higher than in any other medium.
no. if the medium is denser, the reflection of light would not do it.
Light travels at its "maximum velocity" in a vacuum. In any other medium, interference makes it appear to slow down. We're giving Čerenkov radiation the day off here.
That is because the light's SPEED decreases. Also, because the frequency doesn't change. As a reminder, the wavelength is equal to the speed of the wave, divided by the frequency.
Frequency never changes since it depends only on source. Speed can either increase or decrease, depending on the direction of travel of light. This would cause an increase or decrease in wavelength respectively. Speed increases when light travels from an optically denser medium to an optically less dense one. (For example, when light travels from water to air) Speed decreases when light travels from an optically less dense medium to an optically denser medium.
This is due to apparent shift in the position of pencil when viewed from a rarer to denser medium. This is also on account of refraction of light.
the velocity of light is 300000000 m/s
Not directly. acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes, but unless near light-speed the only reason velocity would cause any difference to acceleration would be due to forces which are proportional to velocity, such as drag or friction. Near the speed of light time bends so a body would, compared to the rest of the universe, appear to decelerate so as to reach a maximum velocity of the speed of light.
When light enters a denser medium than it was previously travelling in, the wavelength gets shorter because the speed of the light slows down: v=w/f where v is the velocity of a wave, w is the wave length, and f is the frequency. When light enters the new medium, f does not change but v decreases so w also decreases. Actually, the density of the medium is not accurate. The medium is not denser it just is "optically denser" which means it has a higher index of refraction. It has nothing to do with actual density, which is weight divided by volume.